17 April 2018

The task of physicians
of the soul is
the cure of souls

The popular German word for priest means ‘carer of souls’ (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2018)

Patrick Comerford

I was catching up on some back-reading the other day when I came across the obituary in The Tablet on 24 March 2018 for Cardinal Karl Lehmann.

He has been described as the face and voice of Catholicism in Germany for over 35 years, and he was the Bishop of Mainz and former Professor of Dogmatic Theology at the University of Mainz. In the 1960s, he had been an assistant to Karl Rahner, the Jesuit theologian, during the Second Vatican Council.

His obituary quotes Johanna Rahner, who teaches dogmatics at Tübingen University and who had had told the German weekly Die Zeit: ‘He interpreted the Church’s teaching as a seelsorger (a ‘carer of souls’ – the German word for priest) and not in the narrow, doctrinal, sense.’

I like the idea of seeing the priest or the pastor as the physician or doctor of souls. The German theological journal, Seelsorger describes itself as a ‘Journal for the Contemporary Cure of Souls,’ and the topics on pastoral care it discusses range from sexuality to post-modernity, the conscience to the use of story, vice, virtue, and baptism and the dangers and blessings of a long-term pastorate.

The soul is the deepest centre of the psyche. Problems at the level of the soul radiate out to all levels of the psyche and even the body.

The priest, the soul doctor, traces the problem to its deepest point. A hurting person should be addressed at all of those levels, but it is the soul doctor who addresses the very deepest level.

Among the Patristic writers, Saint John Chrysostom says that every priest is, as it were, the father of the whole world, and therefore should have care of all the souls to whose salvation he can co-operate by his labours. Besides, priests are appointed by God as physicians to cure every soul that is infirm. Origen has called priests ‘physicians of souls,’ while Saint Jerome calls us ‘spiritual physicians.’ Later, Saint Bonaventure asks: ‘If the physician flees from the sick, who will cure them?’

Canon 21 of the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 drew an analogy between the physicians of the body and the physicians of the soul. This analogy between medical or physical care and spiritual or pastoral care was enthusiastically developed in mediaeval sermons and penitential literature, opening the door to many further comparisons.

The English word curate refers to a person who is charged with the care or cure (cura) of souls in a parish. In this sense, ‘curate’ correctly means a parish priest. In France, the cure is the principal priest in a parish, as is the Italian curato and the Spanish cura. But in English-speaking places, the term curate is commonly used to describe priests who are assistants to the parish priest.

However, the word curate in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer means the incumbent of a benefice, who is licensed by the bishop to the ‘cure of souls.’ The shared cure of souls is made clear by the traditional wording of the bishop’s deed of institution to a new incumbent, ‘habere curam animarum, et accipe curam tuam et meam, receive the cure of souls which is both mine and thine.’

In other words, when a parish priest begins his or her new ministry, the bishop is sharing the care of the parish — described traditionally as ‘the cure of souls’ — with the priest, but the bishop does not give it away. The 43 Canons of the Church of Ireland, listed in Chapter IX of the Constitution, refers specifically to cures rather than parishes.

The soul is just as complicated as the body, just as rich and strange and puzzling. And it needs just as much attention. That does not mean that any priest can necessarily address these soul problems. But the true soul doctor is the depth psychologist.

When we think about salvation, it is worth recalling that the English word ‘salve’ is derived from the Latin salvus, which means healing. The priest, as an alter Christus is seen as one who mends broken hearts, heals hurting souls, and applies God’s soothing balm on pained and wounded lives.

The priest truly is the ‘doctor of souls.’ Perhaps theology is the technical language of soul doctoring. But the prescription is the word and the medicine is the Eucharist, regular confession and daily prayer. The proper exercise is found in prayer, regular good deeds and acts of kindness.

Saint John Chrysostom says priests are appointed by God as physicians to cure every soul that is infirm (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2018)

An elegant mansion in
Thessaloniki in need
of tender, loving care

The Salem Mansion at 20 Leoforos Vasilissis Olgas … sadly neglected for the last 40 years (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2018)

Patrick Comerford

On a sunny afternoon last week, I strolled along Leoforos Vasilissis Olgas or Queen Olga Avenue in Thessaloniki, appreciating the once elegant fin de siècle villas, some now decaying and crumbling, that lined what had been the most elegant and one of richest areas of the city, and home of many ruling families at the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

Wealthy Greek, Jewish, Turkish and European merchant and political built most of these architectural masterpieces. Each villa tells its own unique story. Some are galleries, others house cultural and historical institutions. Many retain their detailed colourful decorations, some even their impressive furniture, all influenced by the eclecticism of the 18th and 19th century.

Several villas have been preserved after painful restoration efforts, including the Villa Mordoch, the Villa Ahmet Kapanci (1890), the Villa Mehmet Kapanci (1893) and the Villa Bianca. Others are still sadly awaiting restoration after many decades, including the Villa Hirsch and the Salem Mansion at No 20.

The Salem Mansion was designed in 1878 by Xenophon Paionides (1863-1933), who was, perhaps, the most famous Greek architect in Thessaloniki. He was born in Fourka in Halkidiki in 1863 and studied architecture in Athens and Munich before returning to Thessaloniki.

His villas on this street include the Hassan Pristine or Hafiz Bey Mansion, which became the School for the Blind (1879), the Frederic de Charnaud Mansion, also known as the Hadzilazarou or Siaga Mansion (1899), and Seifulah Pasha Mansion or Villa Mordoch (1905), which is regarded as his masterpiece.

Paionides was the official architect of the city’s Greek Community for the first quarter of the 20th century. His public buildings in Thessaloniki include the Analipsi School (1909), the Hamidye Hospital, now the Aghios Dimitrios Hospital (1903), and the Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Gregory Palamas (1914). Paionides died in Saint Anastassia Monastery in Halkidiki in 1933, and was buried in Thessaloniki.

Paionides designed the Salem Mansion wealthy Jeborga (Τζεμπόργκα) Jewish merchant family in 1878. It was bought in 1894 by Emmanuel Salem. the most important lawyer in the city and an eminent member of the Jewish Community. It remained in his family for over 20 years and the family gave it its name, the Salem Mansion (Η Επαυλη Σαλέμ).

The three-storey Salem Mansion is one of the finest examples in Thessaloniki of the city’s neo-baroque eclecticism. It has an elaborate façade and is built with luxurious materials. It has baroque pediments, and its architectural styles combine elements of classicism, renaissance and baroque styles.

a The villa changed hands during World War I, and when the Salem family left in 1915 and the villa became the Consulate of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was bought by the Italian state in 1924, and for it served as the Italian Consulate for more than half a century, until 1978.

The Salem family came to Thessaloniki with the wave of Sephardic Jewish refugees fleeing Spain and the Spanish Inquisition after 1492. They first appear as a prominent family in Thessaloniki around 1550, when Avraam Salem, perhaps a medical graduate of Coimbra University, was practicing in the city as a medical doctor.

Other members of the family became involved in the commercial life of the city, and were generous philanthropists. Avraam Salem was a great genefactor of the Jewish community, Salomon Salem became the Chief Rabbi of Amsterdam, while Chaim Salem founded a school.

Emmanuel Salem (1859-1940) was the first general secretary of the Bar Association of Thessaloniki and was one of the three most important lawyers in the history of the city.

The Stoa Malakopi or former Banque de Salonique in Thessaloniki … Emmanuel Salem was a director (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2018)

Emmanuel Salem was born in 1859, the son of Rabbi Raphael Salem. He graduated in law in Constantinople in 1879 and soon became a leading member of the Jewish Community in Thessaloniki and one of the most prominent jurists in the field of international law in the Ottoman Empire. He was involved in founding a new water company, gas company, tram and electric company, and also in founding the Banque du Salonique, of which he was a board from 1891 and an executive director from 1918 to 1937.

He played a major part in the founding of the Bar Association of Thessaloniki and was its first general secretary – the president was a Turkish Muslim, the treasurer was a Greek Christian and the official language of the association was French, an indication of how Thessaloniki was a multicultural and cosmopolitan city at the time.

Salem was also involved in many Jewish welfare organisations including hospitals and charities, and in the founding of the Allatini Orphanage on Velissariou Street.

For his diplomatic efforts during a dispute between the Vatican and Ottoman Empire, Salem was decorated by Pope Leo III in 1889.

Before the outbreak of World War I, Salem was involved in the committee demanding reforms in the Ottoman Empire in 1908 although he favoured the Sultan rather than the cause of the Young Turks. After World War I, Salem was involved in negotiating the Lausanne Treaty in 1923.

He received honours from many countries, including the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy, France, Belgium, the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, and Greece conferred on him the Order of the Saviour.

Salem later moved to France, and he spent the latter years of his life in Paris, where he continued to practice law. But he remained in involved in major enterprises linked to his home city, including the Banque de Salonique and the Salonica Cigarette Company, as well as the Cairo Stock Exchange listed.

He became the President of the Thessaloniki Jewish Association in Paris, which later became part of the Religious Sephardic Association of Paris, and was a board member of the Alliance Universelle Israelite and the Great Council of French Jews. He died in Paris in February 1940.

Emmanuel and Fortunè Salem were the parents of Raphael Salem, who was born in the Salem Mansion on Vassillis Olgas Avenue on 7 November 1898.

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Emmanuel Salem sent his family, including his wife Fortunè, their son Raphael, and their daughter to Paris. There Raphael graduate in law and he first worked as a bank manager. But he went on to take a degree in engineering and later received a PhD in Mathematics after his friends recognised his mathematical talents.

He married Adriana Gentili di Giuseppe in 1923, and they were the parents of three children. At the beginning of World War II, he joined the French army and was sent to England as part of Anglo-French co-operation. Sadly, his mother, his sister, her husband and one of their two sons were among the 6,000,000 Jews murdered in the Holocaust.

Raphael Salem migrated to the US in 1941, where he became a lecturer and then a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and was also a visiting professor at Harvard and Stanford. He returned to France when he was appointed a professor in Caen and in 1955 he moved to the Sorbonne.

As a mathematician, his work evolved mainly around the Fourier analysis, while he introduced the idea of random measurements in harmonic analysis. He gave his name to ‘the Salem Numbers.’

Raphael Salem was probably the greatest mathematician and scientist born in the Greek world since ancient times. The Salem Prize (Prix Salem) is a prestigious award to mathematicians whose work is in Complex and Harmonic Analysis, and he is remembered at the Raphael Salem Laboratory of Mathematics in the University of Rοuen. His son, Lionel Salem, is a prominent Chemistry Professor in Paris and at Harvard.

The Salem Mansion was damaged extensively by the earthquake that devastated Thessaloniki in 1978. It was abandoned by the Italian Consulate, which moved to the complex at the Italian Monopoli di Stato, which included the Italian Institute, built on the site of the demolished Villa Ida on Fleming Street, formerly Mizrachi Street.

Five years ago, the producers of the television series American Horror Story, starring Jessica Lange, chose the Salem Mansion for one of the posters for the series in 2013. Of course, there was no mention of either Thessaloniki or Greece, and the house was supposed to be somewhere in New Orleans.

The house still belongs to the Italian State and is deserted. Although this is a listed building and the grass is cut from time to time, all requests from the Greek State for its restoration have gone unanswered.