Patrick Comerford
‘The Wexford Carol’ is said to date from the 12th century. It is one of the oldest Irish carols and is also one of the oldest surviving Christmas carols in the European tradition. Many musicians and listeners find this carol is unique and believe it has a distinctly Irish character.
The carol is thought to have originated in County Wexford, but there are many traditions about this poem and song. For many years it was said that only men should sing it, although since it gained a new popularity from the 1990s on, many popular female artists have also recorded it since it gained a new popularity from the 1990s onward.
The Wexford Carol found new attention in the early 20th century due to the work of Dr William Henry Grattan Flood (1857-1928), who was the organist and musical director at Saint Aidan’s Cathedral, Enniscorthy, Co Wexford, and the author of The History of the Diocese of Ferns (1916). According to Revd Joseph Ranson, in a paper in The Past (1949), this carol was discovered by Grattan Flood in County Wexford. He transcribed the carol from a local singer, and it was published in 1928, the year of his death, as No. 14 in the Oxford Book of Carols, edited by Percy Dearmer, Martin Shaw and Ralph Vaughan Williams.
The carol was quickly included in collections of carols and Christmas poems around the world. It is sometimes known as the ‘Enniscorthy Carol,’ and was recorded under that title by the Choir of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, on a Christmas recording in 1997. It is also known by its first verse, ‘Good people all this Christmas time.’
The New Oxford Book Of Carols, in a detailed footnote, says: Grattan-Flood ‘lived in Enniscorthy from 1895 until his death, and […] took down the words and tune from a local singer; after revising the text, he sent the carol to the editors of The Oxford Book of Carols, who printed it as the ‘Wexford Carol’.’ However, the note continues with more detail showing the text to be English in origin, and verses 1, 2, 4, are 5 are from William Henry Shawcross’s Old Castleton Christmas Carols. Certainly, the Irish-language version seems to be a translation from English, as it is unlikely that any carol was written in Irish in English-speaking County Wexford.
The Wexford Carol is often associated with the Kilmore Carols from Kilmore, Co. Wexford, and it is often attributed to Bishop Luke Waddinge of Ferns and his collection of carols, first published in Ghent in 1684 and discussed by Ciarán Mac Murcaidh in the previous article. Waddinge’s little book had the lengthy title: A small garland of pious and godly songs composed by a devout man, for the solace of his friends and neighbours in their afflictions. The sweet and the sower, the nettle and the flower, the thorne and the rose, this garland compose.
Luke Waddinge (not to be confused with his kinsman, the seventeenth-century Franciscan theologian from Waterford of the same name), whose family came from Ballycogley Castle, Co. Wexford, was the Catholic bishop of Ferns (1683-92), and lived in Wexford town while holding that office. His book contains some religious ‘posies’ or poems written for the disinherited gentry of County Wexford as well as eleven Christmas songs, two of which are sung to this day in Kilmore.
A similar carol is found in Revd William Devereux’s A New Garland Containing Songs for Christmas (1728). Father William Devereux (1696-1771), from Tacumshane, was Parish Priest of Drinagh, near Wexford, in 1730-71, and wrote several carols.
The Wexford Carol is sometimes confused too with ‘The Sussex Carol,’ also referred to by its first line: ‘On Christmas night all Christians sing.’ It is said the words of this carol were first published by Bishop Luke Waddinge in A small garland (1684), but it is not clear whether he wrote the song or that he was recording an earlier composition. Edward Darling and Donald Davison, in their Companion to Church Hymnal, say the words are from a traditional English source, that they were adapted by Luke Waddinge, and that they were reintroduced to English use through later editions of Waddinge’s carols, published in London in the early 18th century, subsequently undergoing considerable modification.
Both the text and the tune to which it is now sung were discovered and written down quite independently by Cecil Sharp in Buckland, Gloucestershire, and Ralph Vaughan Williams, who heard it being sung by a Harriet Verrall of Monk’s Gate, near Horsham, Sussex – hence its name, ‘The Sussex Carol.’ Vaughan Williams published the tune to which it is generally sung today in 1919. Several years earlier, he included the carol in his Fantasia on Christmas carols, first performed at the Three Carols Festival in Hereford Cathedral in 1912.
The Sussex Carol often features in the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols in the Chapel of the King’s College, Cambridge, on Christmas Eve and broadcast around the world by the BBC. A version of the ‘Sussex Carol’ also appears in the Church of Ireland’s Church Hymnal (5th edition, 2004) as Hymn No 176.
The Wexford Carol
Good people all, this Christmas-time,
Consider well and bear in mind
What our good God for us has done,
In sending His beloved Son.
With Mary holy we should pray
To God with love this Christmas Day:
In Bethlehem upon that morn
There was a blessed Messiah born.
The night before that happy tide
The noble Virgin and her guide
Were long time seeking up and down
To find a lodging in the town.
But mark how all things came to pass;
From every door repelled alas!
As long foretold, their refuge all
Was but an humble ox’s stall.
There were three wise men from afar
Directed by a glorious star,
And on they wandered night and day
Until they came where Jesus lay,
And when they came unto that place
Where our beloved Messiah was,
They humbly cast them at his feet,
With gifts of gold and incense sweet.
Near Bethlehem did shepherds keep
Their flocks of lambs and feeding sheep;
To whom God’s angels did appear,
Which put the shepherds in great fear.
“Prepare and go,” the angels said,
“To Bethlehem, be not afraid;
For there you’ll find, this happy morn,
A princely Babe, sweet Jesus born.”
With thankful heart and joyful mind,
The shepherds went the Babe to find,
And as God’s angel had foretold,
They did our Saviour Christ behold.
Within a manger He was laid,
And by his side the Virgin Maid,
As long foretold, there was a blessed Messiah born.
The Sussex Carol, by Ralph Vaughan Williams:
On Christmas night all Christians sing
To hear the news the angels bring.
News of great joy, news of great mirth,
News of our merciful King’s birth.
Then why should men on earth be so sad,
Since our Redeemer made us glad,
When from our sin he set us free,
All for to gain our liberty?
When sin departs before His grace,
Then life and health come in its place.
Angels and men with joy may sing
All for to see the new-born King.
All out of darkness we have light,
Which made the angels sing this night:
“Glory to God and peace to men,
Now and for evermore, Amen!”
Sources and Further Reading:
Edward Darling, Donald Davison (eds), Companion to Church Hymnal (Dublin, 2005).
Hugh Keyte, Andrew Parrott (eds), The New Oxford Book of Carols (Oxford, 1992).
‘The ‘Wexford Carol’ and the mystery surrounding some old and popular Christmas carols’ is published in Christmas and the Irish: a miscellany, ed Salvador Ryan (Dublin: Wordwell Books, 2023, 403 pp, €25, ISBN: 978-1-913934-93-4), pp 72-77, with the photograph of Kilmore Quay on p 71.
The list of contributors includes this note on p 400:
Patrick Comerford is an Anlican priest living in retirement near Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. He is a former adjunct assistant professor in Trinity College Dublin
