The Cross at Slea Head, Co Kerry … but is this the most westerly place in Europe? (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2017)
Patrick Comerford
When I was a teenager and spending a summer in Ballinskelligs, Co Kerry, I was told that the Skelligs Rocks off the Kerry coast formed the most westerly point in Europe and that it was the next stop before America.
Later, when we spent many summer weekends and weeks on Achill Island, Co Mayo, we heard the islanders boast that Achill was not only Ireland’s largest offshore island but also the most westerly point in Ireland and the next parish to America.
Mayo and Kerry are good at setting up contests like this. After all, John Millington Synge set his play, The Playboy of the Western World (1907) in Co Mayo, but he wrote it after visiting the Blasket Islands, and the movie was filmed in 1962 on the Dingle Peninsula.
Then, as we headed west along the Dingle Peninsula in a family group two weeks ago, we were told that Dingle was the westerly town in Europe, and that a point on Slea Head, facing the Blasket Islands was the most westerly point in Europe.
Most of the tourists on the bus risked life and limb as they hopped off at a blind twist on the road to be photographed beneath a wayside crucifix, willing apparently to risk their own deaths to be photographed at the point the bus guide told them was Europe’s most westerly point.
Where was my certificate to prove I was here?
Google Maps were telling me there were a few places further one that jutted out a little further into the Atlantic, albeit by a metre, or a kilometre, or a fraction of something.
Is Cabo de Roca at the most westerly end of Europe? (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)
Is the territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon part of Europe? It is, after all, part of French sovereign territory. The Overseas Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon is in the north-west Atlantic, near the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada, but uses the Euro as its currency.
Guadeloupe is an insular region of France in the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. Administratively, it is an overseas region consisting of a single overseas department, and the largest and most populous EU territory in North America. It too uses the Euro.
But Iceland is also European, even though it is not a member of the European Union, while Greenland, which may be part of the North American continental land mass, is still technically part of Denmark.
Is Greenland in Europe or in North America?
The other claimants to the status of the most westerly extreme of the European continent include Monchique Islet in the Azores Islands, which is part of Portugal, and could be considered part of Europe, although it sits on the North American Plate. The Capelinhos Volcano on Faial Island is also in the Azores Islands, but claims to be the westernmost point of the Eurasian Plate above sea level.
I suppose it all depends on how you define the European continent.
It must be a peculiar part of speech in both England and Ireland to speak of the ‘Continent’ or ‘Continental Europe’ as a landmass that includes all of Europe apart from the islands of Britain and Ireland, but including islands that are part of Spain, Italy, Greece and the Swedish archipelago, while excluding the Azores and French islands in places far flung and beyond – and with some additional questions about Cyprus, if only because geographically it lies off the coast of Turkey … as, indeed, do many Greek islands I have visited, including Rhodes, Kos, Kalymnos, Pserimos, and especially Kastellorizo.
Which leaves me without any proper definition of Europe or the Continent, and most certainly still without a clear definition of either Europe or a way of defining the limits of the European Continent.
Cabo de Roca is the western-most point in Europe (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)
I suppose I am going to have to settle for Cabo da Roca in Portugal as the western-most point on European landmass. This cape forms the westernmost extent of mainland Portugal and continental Europe, and, by definition, the Eurasian landmass. The cape is in the Portuguese municipality of Sintra, west of Lisbon, and forms the western-most extent of the Serra de Sintra.
And I have the certificate to show I was there three years ago, without risking life and limb crossing a narrow, twisting road overlooking the Blasket Islands and looking out to Skellings.
But, just to be clear, the westernmost point on the island of Ireland is Dunmore Head, at the tip of the Dingle Peninsula in Co Kerry but north-west of that wayside crucifix at Slea Head, and the most westerly point in Irish sovereign territory is the Foze Rocks, also in Co Kerry, but out in the Atlantic Ocean, 17.1km to the west-south-west of Dunmore Head, marking the westernmost point in Ireland as a whole.
An unusual certificate in a remote outpost of Europe (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)
07 October 2017
Fanning’s Castle is
Limerick’s last
surviving tower house
Fanning’s Castle is Limerick’s last surviving tower house (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2017)
Patrick Comerford
I spent much of this morning [Friday 6 October 2017] in Saint Mary’s Cathedral, Limerick, where I am the canon precentor, being interviewed by Darragh Roche for a feature in next week’s edition of Limerick Life.
I had an opportunity during the morning to visit a number of key sites on King’s Island, including the Tholsel, the site of the mediaeval city gaol, and the remains of the last remaining tower house in Limerick is Fanning’s Castle, on a small site off Mary Street and Creagh Lane on King’s Island.
These ruins are close to many other mediaeval landmarks in the city, including Saint Mary’s Cathedral and King John’s Castle, which make this a fascinating part of Limerick.
There are no surviving remains of the timber cage-work houses that would have been characteristic of the ‘English Town’ in this part of mediaeval Limerick. By the late 16th century, part of Mary Street, which was then the High Street in this part of Limerick, was lined with four-storey and five-storey battlemented stone houses with gables facing onto the street.
Some of these townhouses, including the one known as Fanning’s Castle, were first planned as tower houses.
Although it is known as Fanning’s Castle, this never was a castle. Rather, it is a late mediaeval, fortified townhouse or tower house. It is said to have been built by Dominic Fanning, a former mayor of Limerick, around 1641, as his personal residence.
Other sources suggest it dates from the 16th or even the 15th century, when the opulent merchant families of Limerick lived on Mary Street, then known as High Street.
The walls of the tower were built of roughly squared limestone blocks of varying sizes. The tower would have had a view of the Abbey river. Few aesthetic flourishes are visible within the ruined building today, consisting of two walls of those square limestone blocks.
Fanning’s Castle was originally five storeys high, with a vaulted undercroft. But, due to the passage of time and building development in this area, the first storey is now almost at ground level.
On the first storey, the most complete and intact wall has a flat-headed window, divided by a mullion.
On the second and third floors, two ogee windows are placed one floor above the other.
The third floor windows being slightly smaller than those on the second floor.
Finally, there is a single round-headed window on the top floor.
The doors on the upper levels suggest that at some point the tower had external balconies or stairs. The tower house would have originally incorporated a turret staircase and battlements and would have been an impressive sight on Mary Street.
Dominick Fanning led the resistance in Limerick against Cromwell. However, when he was caught, he was forced had to give up his residence at Fanning’s Castle, and he was executed by the Cromwellian forces in 1651.
Later, Fanning’s Castle it was known as Whitamore’s Castle, or even as Limerick Castle. The Irish Jacobite general Patrick Sarsfield is said to have stayed here as a guest of Francis Whitamore, then the Mayor of Limerick, during the Williamite siege of Limerick in 1691.
But over time, Fanning’s Castle deteriorated, with drastic consequences for its fabric. Today, it looks out of place, crumbling away in a part of the city where many of the sites appear abandoned or deserted street.
Undeniably, because of its architectural and historical significance, the castle has potential to be one of many tourist attractions in the city. But a fence has been placed around the castle ruins and the surrounding grounds, which seem to be used as a car park, sealed off by an automatic gate, making it part of the hidden Limerick.
Over time, Fanning’s Castle deteriorated, with drastic consequences for its fabric (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2017)
Patrick Comerford
I spent much of this morning [Friday 6 October 2017] in Saint Mary’s Cathedral, Limerick, where I am the canon precentor, being interviewed by Darragh Roche for a feature in next week’s edition of Limerick Life.
I had an opportunity during the morning to visit a number of key sites on King’s Island, including the Tholsel, the site of the mediaeval city gaol, and the remains of the last remaining tower house in Limerick is Fanning’s Castle, on a small site off Mary Street and Creagh Lane on King’s Island.
These ruins are close to many other mediaeval landmarks in the city, including Saint Mary’s Cathedral and King John’s Castle, which make this a fascinating part of Limerick.
There are no surviving remains of the timber cage-work houses that would have been characteristic of the ‘English Town’ in this part of mediaeval Limerick. By the late 16th century, part of Mary Street, which was then the High Street in this part of Limerick, was lined with four-storey and five-storey battlemented stone houses with gables facing onto the street.
Some of these townhouses, including the one known as Fanning’s Castle, were first planned as tower houses.
Although it is known as Fanning’s Castle, this never was a castle. Rather, it is a late mediaeval, fortified townhouse or tower house. It is said to have been built by Dominic Fanning, a former mayor of Limerick, around 1641, as his personal residence.
Other sources suggest it dates from the 16th or even the 15th century, when the opulent merchant families of Limerick lived on Mary Street, then known as High Street.
The walls of the tower were built of roughly squared limestone blocks of varying sizes. The tower would have had a view of the Abbey river. Few aesthetic flourishes are visible within the ruined building today, consisting of two walls of those square limestone blocks.
Fanning’s Castle was originally five storeys high, with a vaulted undercroft. But, due to the passage of time and building development in this area, the first storey is now almost at ground level.
On the first storey, the most complete and intact wall has a flat-headed window, divided by a mullion.
On the second and third floors, two ogee windows are placed one floor above the other.
The third floor windows being slightly smaller than those on the second floor.
Finally, there is a single round-headed window on the top floor.
The doors on the upper levels suggest that at some point the tower had external balconies or stairs. The tower house would have originally incorporated a turret staircase and battlements and would have been an impressive sight on Mary Street.
Dominick Fanning led the resistance in Limerick against Cromwell. However, when he was caught, he was forced had to give up his residence at Fanning’s Castle, and he was executed by the Cromwellian forces in 1651.
Later, Fanning’s Castle it was known as Whitamore’s Castle, or even as Limerick Castle. The Irish Jacobite general Patrick Sarsfield is said to have stayed here as a guest of Francis Whitamore, then the Mayor of Limerick, during the Williamite siege of Limerick in 1691.
But over time, Fanning’s Castle deteriorated, with drastic consequences for its fabric. Today, it looks out of place, crumbling away in a part of the city where many of the sites appear abandoned or deserted street.
Undeniably, because of its architectural and historical significance, the castle has potential to be one of many tourist attractions in the city. But a fence has been placed around the castle ruins and the surrounding grounds, which seem to be used as a car park, sealed off by an automatic gate, making it part of the hidden Limerick.
Over time, Fanning’s Castle deteriorated, with drastic consequences for its fabric (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2017)
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