10 November 2021

A morning in the old and
new Jewish cemeteries
on the Lido of Venice

Burials in the old Jewish cemetery on the Lido date back to 1389 (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2021)

Patrick Comerford

The Lido or Venice Lido is a long and narrow island, a thin strip of land, 11 km long and hardly 1 km wide, separating the Venetian lagoon from the Adriatic Sea. The Lido is home to about 20,400 people and the Venice Film Festival takes place at the Lido in August and September. It developed in the 19th century as a tourist resort, with many 19th century villas in the Liberty style – the Italian version of Art Nouveau – and many grand hotels.

I spent a morning on the Lido this week, walking along the beach, and visiting the Jewish cemetery on the Lido. This is one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in Europe, and it is an island jewel of medieval art.

The Republic of Venice granted the Jewish community a small plot of uncultivated land at San Nicolò of Lido to create a cemetery in 1386.

The land was also claimed by the friars of San Nicolò convent. But the dispute with the monks was resolved around 1389, and the oldest tombstone belongs to a certain Samuel, son of Samson and dates from 1389, the year the cemetery opened.

As the cemetery expanded gradually, it was enclosed by tall hedges for both aesthetic and protective reasons. It was used without any interruptions and expanded again in 1641.

The walls of the old Jewish cemetery in San Nicolò (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2021)

The Jewish community in the Ghetto Nuovo included immigrants and refugees from a wide geographic area. When the Jews of Spain were expelled by the Inquisition in 1492, many Jewish families from the Iberian peninsula arrived in Venice. As a result, the cemetery has a variety of tombstone carvings, with inscriptions in Hebrew, Spanish and Portuguese, often revealing a family’s country of origin.

Among the graves are those of the poet Sarah Coppio, Sullam, the Rabbi Leone da Modena, and the intellectual Simon Luzzatto, all leading figures in the cultural life of the ghetto in the 16th and 17th centuries.

There are stone-carved coats of arms or family emblems, such as the jug and basin of the Levites or the blessing hands of Cohens, indicating genealogical provenance. The stylistic differences in the designs of gravestones reflect their dates.

Earlier markers tend to be less elaborate while later ones, like the sarcophagi favoured in the 18th century, are more ornate in their decoration. The rampant lions or crowned eagles of the Jesurum-Diaz family, for example, can still be seen. Other gravestones show more traditional motifs, such as the seven-branched menorah, the Lion of Judah, Jacob’s ladder, ram’s horns or palm trees.

The monumental entrance to the new Jewish cemetery was completed in 1923 (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2021)

Venice later decided to strengthen the fortifications of the Lido as a defence against the Turks, and this led to a slow but constant reshaping of the cemetery spaces to the south, so that the ‘University of Jews’ was forced to buy a piece of land bordering the cemetery in 1736.

The new Jewish cemetery opened on Via de Cipro at the end of the 18th century.

Many graves and ruined monuments in the old cemetery were lost with the fall of the Venetian Republic, and with the foreign occupations and acts of vandalism that followed. Later in the 19th century, plans developed to make the Lido of Venice healthier and more attractive. Parts of the cemetery were expropriated for other uses.

Later attempts to restore the cemetery were abandoned with the introduction of fascist race laws in 1938.

The graves in the new Jewish cemetery include the family of Adolfo Ottolenghi, Chief Rabbi of Venice, who was murdered in Auschwitz (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2021)

Meanwhile, a small Catholic cemetery was opened in 1866 in front of the entrance of the Jewish one. It was replaced by a new one in 1916. A new Jewish cemetery was also built. The monumental entrance to the new Jewish cemetery was completed in 1923, and so the Catholic cemetery lies between the old and new Jewish cemeteries.

The graves in the new Jewish cemetery include the great and the good of Jewish life in Venice over the past two centuries, including the family of Adolfo Ottolenghi (1885-1944), Chief Rabbi of Venice (1919-1944), who was murdered in Auschwitz; Isacco Pesaro Maurogonato (1817-1892), former senator and Finance Minister); Michelangelo Jesurum (1843-1909), founder of lace manufacturing in Venice and Burano; the family of Napoleone Pardone, former Spanish Consul in Venice; and Professor Richard Newton Gardner (1927-2019), US Ambassador to Italy (1977-1981) and Spain (1993-1997).

In recent decades, the old Jewish cemetery has been restored to its dignity. Thanks to public and private collaboration, from Italy and abroad, major restoration work began in 1999.

About 1,200 tombstones have been saved and catalogued, most of them dating from the first half of the 16th century to the second half of the 18th. They tell the stories of the many different origins, cultures and languages of the Venetian Jews. Another 140 gravestones from the old cemetery are now at the new one: some are placed near the entrance, others in a nearby gallery room.

An elaborate family grave the new Jewish cemetery (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2021)

Praying in Ordinary Time 2021:
165, Scola Levantina, Venice

(Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

Patrick Comerford

I am staying in Venice this week, spending a few days at the Hotel San Cassiano in the Ca’ Favretto in the Santa Croce district just a few minutes’ walk from Rialto, and celebrating some important family birthdays and anniversaries.

Before the day begins, I have taken a little time this morning for prayer, reflection and reading. Each morning in the time in the Church Calendar known as Ordinary Time, I am reflecting in these ways:

1, photographs of a church or place of worship;

2, the day’s Gospel reading;

3, a prayer from the USPG prayer diary.

As part of my reflections and this prayer diary this week, my photographs are from the ghetto in Venice. I am looking at each of the five historic synagogues in the Ghetto in turn this week. My photograph this morning (10 November 2021) are from the Scola Levantina, founded in 1541 by the Levantine Sephardi communities.

The Scola Levantina was founded by the Levantine Sephardi communities in 1541 and is one of five surviving synagogues in the Ghetto. The Levantine Jews who arrived by the mid-16th century brought different customs of worship and dress that contrasted with the more modest Ashkenazi communities. They were followed by Roman Jews in 1575 and Sephardic Jews in 1589.

The Scola Levantina was restored in the 17th century by Andrea Brustolon (1662-1732), from Belluno, the most famous wood sculptor in Venice at the time.

A beautiful bimah stands on a high base, finely worked in flower motifs. Other motifs twist round the two columns, recalling Solomon’s Temple. The Aron haKodesh (Holy Ark) facing it dates from 1782; it is marked by its simplicity and is enclosed by a brass gate dated 1786.

High up, along the entrance hall, the women’s gallery was once screened by lattices. The Dutch chandeliers, brass candlesticks and silver lamps at the Ark help to harmonise the interior of this synagogue.

Luke 17: 11-19 (NRSVA):

11 On the way to Jerusalem Jesus was going through the region between Samaria and Galilee. 12 As he entered a village, ten lepers approached him. Keeping their distance, 13 they called out, saying, ‘Jesus, Master, have mercy on us!’ 14 When he saw them, he said to them, ‘Go and show yourselves to the priests.’ And as they went, they were made clean. 15 Then one of them, when he saw that he was healed, turned back, praising God with a loud voice. 16 He prostrated himself at Jesus’ feet and thanked him. And he was a Samaritan. 17 Then Jesus asked, ‘Were not ten made clean? But the other nine, where are they? 18 Was none of them found to return and give praise to God except this foreigner?’ 19 Then he said to him, ‘Get up and go on your way; your faith has made you well.’

The Prayer in the USPG Prayer Diary today (10 November 2021) invites us to pray:

We pray for university chaplains and the work they do to support and comfort students. May they in turn be supported to carry out this important work.

Yesterday’s reflection

Continued tomorrow

Scripture quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible: Anglicised Edition copyright © 1989, 1995, National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide. http://nrsvbibles.org