02 October 2019

Preparing for a lecture
brings back memories
of philosopher, friar
and peace activist

Father Columba Ryan (1916-2009) … philosopher, peace activist and friend of Elizabeth Anscombe, he set up the Philosophical Enquiry Group at at Hawkesyard Priory near Rugeley in 1954

Patrick Comerford

I am putting the finishing touched to a lecture later this month [15 October 2019] in Saint Mary’s Cathedral, Limerick, on the philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe ((1919-2001).

Elizabeth Anscombe was born in Limerick and was baptised in Saint Mary’s Cathedral, Limerick, 100 years. She and her husband Peter Geach were two of the leading English philosophers in the 20th century, and so it is appropriate to speak of her life in the cathedral in which she was baptised.

But as I was working through my notes in recent days, I was reminded of her close friend, Father Columba Ryan OP (1916-2009), the Dominican priest, philosopher, university chaplain and peace activist.

Father Columba was born Patrick Ryan in Hampstead on 13 January 1916 into an Irish family. He was the second son of the Cork-born diplomat Sir Andrew Ryan (1876-1949) and his wife Ruth Marguerite (van Millingen).

Sir Andrew Ryan was born in Cork, the son of Edward Ryan, a chandler of Fitton Street West (off Morrison’s Quay) and Great George’s Street (now Washington Street). He was educated at the Christian Brothers College Cork, Queen’s College Cork and Emmanuel College Cambridge.

Sir Andrew was the last dragoman in Constantinople (1907-1921), and later the British Consul-General to Morocco (1924-1930), Minister to Saudi Arabia (1930-1936), and the last pre-war Consul-General to Albania (1936-1939), where he served until the closure of the Legation after the Italian annexation of the country in April 1939.

Patrick Ryan and his brother John were educated by the Benedictines at Ampleforth in North Yorkshire. After Ampleforth, Patrick spent a year in France before joining the Dominicans at Woodchester Priory, Gloucestershire, in 1935. He was given the name Columba, was professed on 30 September 1936 and was ordained on 25 July 1941.

He was 30 when he completed his DPhil at Oxford University in 1946. He was one of the friars who was on the Peace Pilgrimage to VĂ©zelay in Burgundy, selecting ‘30 strong men’ to carry a heavy wooden cross across France in thanksgiving for the end of World War II. On his return he was instrumental in founding Student Cross, the annual Holy Week pilgrimage to Walsingham.

The Dominican House of Studies at Hawkesyard Priory, near Rugeley … Father Columba Ryan set up the Philosophical Enquiry Group there in 1954

Father Columba had an analytical mind and enjoyed philosophical controversy and debate. He was teaching philosophy at the Dominican House of Studies at Hawkesyard Priory in Spode House, near Rugeley in Staffordshire, and six miles north-west of Lichfield, when he set up the Philosophical Enquiry Group in 1954.

This annual meeting for Catholic philosophers continued to took place at Spode House for 20 years, until 1974. The Catholic philosophers Elizabeth Anscombe and her husband Peter Geach were among the first philosophers invited to those gatherings at Spode House. They remained leading figures of the group for the 20 years it lasted. Other participants included Sir Anthony Kenny of Oxford and Herbert McCabe (1926-2001), editor of New Blackriars. Father Coloumba had been the novice master of Father Herbert McCabe, who is attributed with once saying, ‘If you don’t love, you’re dead, and if you do, they’ll kill you.’

Father Columba was also the bursar at the Hawkesyard Priory, and in the 1950s and 1960s he took part in many CND marches and protests in London.

I knew Hawkesyard Priory and Spode House well in my late teens and early 20s, when the Philosophical Enquiry Group was still meeting there with Father Ryan and Elizabeth Anscombe. At the time, the Folk Masses in the priory chapel were popular with many of my friends from Rugeley, Brereton and Lichfield.

It was the early 1970s, and at that age I enjoyed the music of English folk rock bands such as Steeleye Span, Pentangle, Fairport Convention, Lindsifarne and Jethro Thull. Their music provided an interesting bridge to both the music of Vaughan Williams, which I was introduced to in rural Shropshire, and the Folk Masses at Spode House, which had also become a popular venue in rural Staffordshire for but for retreats, short courses on church music, theatrical groups, youth organisations, prayer and reflection.

Father Donald Proudman had died before I got to know the place, and I was too young then to know of the the Philosophical Enquiry Group. But the friars there in those heady days of the early 1970s included the saintly Father Columba, who was immersed in the history of the house and who was a CND supporter until his dying days; and Father Conrad Pepler (1908-1993), the founding warden, who we did not know had provided a Roman Catholic funeral in Cambridge for the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, a mentor to both Elizabeth Anscombe and Peter Geach. Later they were Wittgenstein’s literary executors and were buried beside him in Cambridge.

The priory and conference centre at Spode House closed and the last Dominicans moved out in 1988. At a lengthy lunch in Lichfield a few years ago, some of us recalled so many of our friends who loved Hawkesyard, the folk masses there and the extended Sunday afternoons that inevitably followed.

By then Father Columba had long left Hawkesyard Priory. He was briefly in charge of studies at Blackfriars, Oxford, where he was pro-regent of studies, and then became chaplain to the Catholic students at the University of Strathclyde. His solitary presence in a remarkable flat on George Street paved the way for the return of a Dominican community to Glasgow.

In London, he was very much loved by people from very different social, political and religious backgrounds. True to his values when he took part in early CND protests, he joined the many hundreds of thousands of people who marched in London on 15 February 2003 in protest at the invasion of Iraq.

He was an early pioneer of religious broadcasting, producing and narrating films about the religious life. He was in his 90s when he gave up editing the weekly St Dominic’s Newsletter, but he continued preaching his remarkable homilies until shortly before he died.

Father Columba had many long-standing friendships with men and women in politics, the arts and the academic world. His contribution to philosophy and theology was more through the people he taught than through any major publication. His students included Herbert McCabe and Timothy McDermott, both translators of the Blackfriars Summa, and Fergus Kerr.

However, one short piece, ‘The Traditional Concept of Natural Law: an Interpretation’ (1965) which he claimed to have written on the train before giving it as a lecture, has been influential.

Father Columba Ryan OP died 10 years ago at Saint Dominic’s Priory at Haverstock Hill in north-west London on 4 August 2009, aged 93. It was then the Feast of Saint Dominic, and it was the church in which he had been baptised as an infant; he had just celebrated 68 years of priesthood.

His brother John Ryan (1921-2009), who had created the character of Captain Pugwash for the Eagle in 1950, had died in Rye two weeks earlier on 22 July 2009 at the age of 88.

My lecture on Elizabeth Anscombe in Saint Mary’s Cathedral, Limerick, on 15 October 2019 is part of the October Lunchtime Lecture Series in the cathedral, each lecture taking place at 1 p.m.


The Synagogues of Dublin:
5, Mary’s Abbey Synagogue

The site of the former synagogue at Mary’s Abbey in Dublin (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2019)

Patrick Comerford

When the Stafford Street Synagogue in Dublin was forced to close in 1836, Dublin’s Jewish congregation moved to premises at 12 Mary’s Abbey, off Capel Street, and remained there for almost two generations until 1892.

The new synagogue was Dublin’s fourth, following short-lived synagogues at Crane Lane, off Dame Street; Marlborough Green, off Marlborough Street; and the converted rooms on an upper floor of a private house at 40 Stafford Street, now Wolfe Tone Street.

Like its predecessors, this was not a purpose-built synagogue, but the former chapel of a small Presbyterian group known as the Non-Burghers or Seceders, who later went on to join similar groups in forming the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland.

Saint Mary’s Abbey, which gives its name to nearby Abbey Street, was founded by the French Cistercians in 1147 on the site of an older Benedictine foundation. The chapter house was used as the meeting place for the king’s council, and it was there ‘Silken’ Thomas Fitzgerald renounced his allegiance to Henry VIII and started his ill-fated rebellion.

The abbey was dissolved at the Reformation in 1539 and its lands were divided.

The former Presbyterian chapel at Mary’s Abbey, which gives its name to Meeting House Lane, was bought on 15 January 1836 to provide a permanent synagogue for Dublin’s Jews, who then numbered about 300 people. A further £500 was spent on providing the new synagogue with a new aron hakodesh or ark for the Torah Scrolls, a bimah or reading desk seating and flooring.

The Revd Isaac Davidson, who had been the minister in the Stafford Street synagogue, moved with the congregation to Mary’s Abbey. The first trustees were Alexander Lazarus Benmohel (1788-1839), Joseph Wolfe Cohen (1780-1869) and Simon Rosenstein (1794-1862).

Benmohel travelled to London to ask the elders of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue or Bevis Marks to become trustees for the property, and some time later the congregation asked to be considered a branch of Bevis Marks.

The capacity of the synagogue is disputed by historians. Louis Hyman, in The Jews of Ireland (1972) says at first the synagogue had a seating capacity of about 90 and that the numbers were never greater than 350 at its peak. However, others say even these modest figures may be overstated.

Indeed, the first laws published by the synagogue in 1839 imply a small membership. However, the only statistics available for the Mary’s Abbey congregation are the records of births and deaths kept from 1838 to 1879 by the Revd Julius Sandheim, who had succeeded the Revd Isaac Davidson.

The synagogue at Mary’s Abbey survived from 1836 until a new synagogue opened at Adelaide Road in 1892 (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2019)

From its early days, services were limited to Saturdays, the principal festivals, life-cycle events and other special occasions, as opposed to daily worship or even the full cycle of Shabbat services.

‘Watchers’ for the critically ill, dead and recently buried were chosen by lot from among the members of the community. Members who did not live locally as well as visiting Jews were liable to be persuaded to take part in this role, which indicates that the community was neither large nor socially diverse at this time.

The rules on apportioning the aliyot for reading the Torah also indicate a small membership. Perhaps synagogue membership had come to be associated primarily with social prestige and attendance was poor outside of the High Holydays.

The attendance and membership were drawn mainly from the Anglo-Jewish middle classes in Dublin, and its strict Victorian standards of decorum fostered a formal and stuffy atmosphere that later earned it the nickname of the Englishe shul (‘English synagogue’) among a newer immigrant community.

Children were barred from parading the Torah scrolls on the festival of Simchat Torah, and the noisy rattles and disturbances associated with the reading of the Megillah or Book of Esther were prohibited. No-one was allowed to discuss private disputes or grievances in the synagogue at any time.

The congregation was seen as a prosperous community in its early years. By 1853, it was able to buy the freehold on the property in Mary’s Abbey, and the trustees were Joseph Wolfe Cohen, Simon Rosenstein, Henry Lazarus (1808-1868), Henry Nerwich (1804-1883) and Lewis Harris (1812-1876), originally known as Samuel Wormser.

The income was boosted in 1854 with a bequest from Abraham Cohen that yielded an annuity of £100, on condition that the Dublin synagogue would ‘conform to the form and service of the Great Synagogue, Duke’s Place, London,’ for centuries, the main Ashkenazi synagogue and centre of Ashkenazi life in London.

One of the earliest rabbis of the Great Synagogue was Aaron the Scribe of Dublin (1700-ca 1704) and Myer Lyon, who was hazzan at the Great Synagogue from 1767, also officiated at the Marlborough Green Synagogue and worked in theatre in Dublin.

However, the Dublin synagogue was unable to employ a rabbi, and was dependent on a less-qualified, poorly paid, multi-functional minister, the Revd Jacob D Davis, who acted as baal-koreh (reader), hazan (cantor), secretary and Hebrew teacher from 1855 until he died in 1861.

The Jewish Chronicle reported in 1858 that this was one of the first provincial congregations to introduce ‘pulpit instruction.’

The congregation began to call itself the Dublin Hebrew Congregation from around 1859. It aligned itself with the Board of Deputies of British Jews, although it was not always able to appoint an Irish representative, and its ministers and teachers were expected to be competent in English and accredited by the Chief Rabbi.

Anyone married to a non-Jew was not allowed to engage a seat or to receive any form of honour. The synagogue committee decided whether Jews who had intermarried or who did not openly profess the religion as a Jew would be allowed a Jewish burial.

Meanwhile, the Revd Philipp Bender was appointed to the congregation in 1862. His Dublin-born son, Professor Alfred Philipp Bender (1863-1937), was instrumental in founding the Cambridge Hebrew Congregation and conducted its services for many years.

The general affluence of the Dublin community was also reflected in the frequent, generous donations members made to a range of and non-Jewish causes.

When a leading member, Henry Lazarus was dying in 1868, prayers were offered by a prominent priest in the Pro-Cathedral in recognition of his long-standing generosity to charity.

For many years, the synagogue was run by a select committee of long-serving honorary officers. Among them was John David Rosenthal (1833-1907), a distinguished solicitor who was active in Jewish and non-Jewish philanthropy and the first Jew to receive an LL.D. from Trinity College Dublin. He served for almost 30 years as honorary secretary, and for about 15 years as the Dublin representative to the Board of Deputies.

Marinus de Groot (1829-1902), a respected merchant from Rotterdam and a magistrate in Dublin, was president of the Dublin Hebrew Congregation for over 26 unbroken years (1876-1901).

By the mid-1870s, the Jewish Chronicle reported that the congregation was ‘respectable but unfortunately dwindling.’ Any increase in numbers between 1839 and 1875 was not sustained.

The last Sabbath service was conducted at Mary’s Abbey on 5 December 1892. On the following Saturday, Jews and Christians attended the dedication of an ornate purpose-built synagogue at Adelaide Road, that remained open until 1999.

What is left of the Cistercian chapter House at Saint Mary’s Abbey survives under the street level (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2019)

Tomorrow: 6, Saint Kevin’s Parade Synagogue

Yesterday: 4, Stafford Street Synagogue