Showing posts with label Greece 2025. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Greece 2025. Show all posts

08 May 2026

37 million people in Tokyo,
37 million visitors to Greece,
Trump’s $37 million steel ‘gift’,
and 37 million blog readers

The fountain and the gardens at the Hedgehog Vintage Inn in Lichfield this afternoon … 37 million people visit Staffordshire each year (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2026)

Patrick Comerford

The viewing and reading figures for this blog continue to overwhelm me. These figures reached the 37 million mark today shortly before noon this morning (8 May 2026), having reached 36 million six days ago (2 May 2026) and 35 million last Friday (1 May 2026). The figures have passed the million mark three times so far this month, having passed that mark four times last month: 34 million (29 April), 33 million (25 April), 32 million (19 April) and 31 million (8 April).

These viewing and reading figures have been overwhelming in these recent weeks and months and this blog continues to reach a volume of readers that I could never have expected when I first started blogging 16 years ago. Half the total hits (18.5 million) have been within less than six months, since 27 November 2025. The total hits in March 2026 were the highest monthly total ever (4,523,648), followed by 4,365,464 hits for last month (April 2026).

At the end of last year, this blog had 21 million hits (31 December 2025). So far this year, there have been more than 16 million hits or visitors in 2026.

I first began blogging in 2010, and it took almost two years until July 2012 to reach half a million readers. Throughout this year and last, the daily figures continue to be overwhelming on many occasions. Of the 12 days of busiest traffic on this blog, two were this month (1 and 6 May 2026), three were last month (26, 29 and 30 April 2026), three were in March, two were in February, and two were in January 2025:

• 1,124,925 (1 May 2026)
• 509,644 (29 April 2026)
• 344,003 (30 April 2024)
• 323,156 (27 March 2026)
• 322,038 (26 April 2026)
• 318,835 (6 May 2026)

• 318,307 (1 March 2026)
• 314,018 (28 February 2026)
• 301,449 (2 March 2026)
• 289,076 (11 January 2025)
• 285,366 (12 January 2025)
• 280,802 (26 February 2026)

The daily averages were about 145,000 or more hits a day last month; ten years ago, in 2016, the daily average was around 1,000.

As a student in Tokyo in 1979, I stayed at Asia Bunka Kaikan … today Tokyo has a population of 37 million

To put this figure of 37 million into perspective:

Greece broke all its tourism records last year (2025), with almost nearly 37 million visitors (over 36.7 million) and generating €23 billion in revenue. The surge was driven by strong demand, with 14 regional airports managed by Fraport Greece handling over 37 million passengers. Germany and the UK were the top source markets, and the record figures highlight a successful move to promote year-round tourism in Greece.

Of the 37 million people who came to Staffordshire in 2024, around four million stayed overnight.

The Japanese capital Tokyo, where I was a student in 1979, is now the largest city on Earth, with a population of 37.4 million people. This makes Tokyo which is over four times the population of New York City, and it means that around one-third of Japan's population live in the Tokyo region.

Last year Donald Trump said he had received a contribution of steel worth $37 million from a ‘great steel company’ as a gift to him to use in his project to build a $400 million ballroom at the White House. A senior executive at the steelmaker ArcelorMittal in Luxembourg has confirmed in recent weeks that the company made this gift of steel.

At the time, a White House official denied that ArcelorMittal received anything in return for the donation. But days after the president’s remarks, made at a White House event for donors to the ballroom project, the US adjusted its tariffs in a way that could benefit ArcelorMittal, according to a report in The New York Times, by slashing by half tariffs applied to automotive steel exports from its Canadian plant.

The use of a foreign steel company to provide materials for the White House flies in the face of Trump’s pledges to support the US steel industry and his boasts about ‘saving’ the industry.

The Iranian regime’s crackdown, internet shutdowns, digital blackouts and instability are causing Iran’s economy an estimated $37 million per day in losses.

The Empire State Building has an internal volume of 37 million cubic ft.

37 million minutes is about 70 years, 4 months, and 5 days. In other words, if this blog was getting only one hit a minute, it would take more than 70 years, from early January 1956, to reach today’s latest figure of 37 million.

I retired from active parish ministry over four years ago, on 30 March 2022. These days, though, about 120-140 people on average are reading my daily prayer diary posted on this blog each morning. A similar number have been reading my current series of postings on churches and local history in Staffordshire, and were reading my recent series of postings on the churches and chapels of Walsingham. I imagine many of my priest-colleagues would be prayerfully thankful if the congregations in their churches totalled 800-1,000 or more people each week.

This afternoon, I am truly grateful to the real readers among those 37 million hits on this blog to date, and in particular I am thankful for the faithful core group of 120-140 people who join me in prayer, reading and reflections each morning.

Vicars Close beside Lichfield Cathedral this afternoon … 37 million people visit Staffordshire each year (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

31 December 2025

2025: a year that must be
remembered for far more than
than Trump’s rule and his
violence, vulgarity and vitriol

The sun sets on another year … sunset beneath the Fortezza in Rethymnon earlier this year (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

This year seems to have been dominated by war and violence in Russia and Ukraine, in Gaza, Israel and Palestine, continuing wars and violence involving the US, Iran, Yemen, Sudan and Nigeria, the continuing rise in antimsemitism, Islamophobia and racism everywhere, and by the upsurge in ugly right-wing nationalism in Britain and across the world that hijacks the name of Christianity and its symbolism without heeding any of its values, teachings or demands.

The changes in the world this year included the return of Donald Trump to power in the US, the death of Pope Francis, the election of Pope Leo, the resignation of Archbishop Justin Welby, and the appointment of his successor, Bishop Sarah Mullally.

This year also marked the 80th anniversaries of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the liberation of the death camps, the end of the Holocaust, VE Day and VJ Day, and the end of World War II. This year would also have marked the 80th anniversary of the marriage of my parents, who waited until the end of World War II to get married on 8 September 1945.

Michael D Higgins, who retired last month as President of Ireland after two seven-year terms of office, was a life-long supporter of CND and many other campaigns I was involved in. We have known each other since the Labour Party conference in Cork in 1973, and I only wish that the values that marked his 14-year presidency could be mirrored by other world leaders today.

With President Michael D Higgins and Brendan Howlin during the 2011 Presidential election campaign at the Wexford Ambassadors initiative in Iveagh House, Dublin … President Higgins retired last month after two seven-year terms in office

One of the emotional difficulties of having moved from Ireland to England is not being able to attend the funerals of dear friends and family members.

Don Buckley was a lifelong friend, a work colleague in The Irish Times for many decades, and my second cousin on the Crowley side of the family. His paternal grandmother and my maternal grandmother were sisters, and although his family live in Mallow, Co Cork, I knew him since childhood due to the amount of time he spent in hospitals in Dublin because of his haemophilia.

He encouraged me to follow him into journalism, and visited me in Wexford while I was with the Wexford People trying to persuade me to move to The Irish Times. He was a brave and pioneering journalist, who achieved national prominence for his work on fake charities, the ‘Heavy Gang’ and the ‘Kerry Babies’ case. He was a bon viveur and I enjoyed his parties and dinners, but we also shared similar political values and hopes and many cultural interests.

Other former colleagues from those days in The Irish Times who died during the years include Johnny Hughes, Ed Moloney, a former Northern Editor, Mickey McConnell and the writer Mary Russell, and Philip Molloy from my days with the Wexford People.

Father Louis Brennan, who died on 12 August, had been the Rector of Gormanston, and was perhaps the most inspiring teacher I had in my schooldays. He encouraged my interests in debating, drama and development and human rights issues, got me on stage, involved me in carol singing at Christmas, and counted me in on a drama production during the Easter holidays in 1969. Later, he was Minister Provincial of the Franciscan Province of Ireland, Definitor General of the Order, Secretary General of the Order.

Canon Billy Marshall, who died at the age of 90 on 26 September, had been the Vice-Principal of the Church of Ireland Theological College when I was training for ordination, and our lives overlapped in many ways. The Revd Canon Dr William John Marshall had spent a decade in North India with the Dublin University Mission to Chota Nagpur and USPG (1962-1972). Back in Ireland, he was Assistant Chaplain at Trinity College Dublin (1973-1976), where he completed his doctoral research on the Church of North India, and later was the Rector of Rathmichael (1976-1992), Chancellor of Christ Church Cathedral (1990-2002), and Vice-Principal of CITC (1992-2002).

He was a life-long supporter of USPG and he was one of the ‘go-to’ people when I was planning doctoral research on Irish Anglican missionaries. He continued his engagement with both CITC (later CITI) when I was on the staff and with Christ Church Cathedral when I was a chapter member.

Canon Walter Lewis died on 5 March aged 79. I first got to know him when I was on a student placement with the Irish School of Ecumenics on the Shankill Road in Belfast in the early 1980s. His style of ministry then impressed me so much that he was one of three priests I later asked to sign my pre-ordination papers in 2000, along with Canon Norman Ruddock and the Revd Robert Kingston.

The Revd Dr Ron Elsdon, who was 81 when he died on 25 July, was ordained a year before me, and together we shared in many mission projects. I first met him when he was a lecturer in geology and UCD, and we joked at times about the tectonic shift from geology to theology.

The Revd Mark Wilson, who died on 29 August, was originally Castlecomer, Co Kilkenny. Mark’s ministry brought him to parishes in Ireland, the UK, and the Algarve in Portugal, he was an army chaplain in Northern Ireland and Germany, and for 12 years he was the chaplain of Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin.

Canon Robert Deane, who died on 21 September, was the same age as me. We were canons of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, at the same time, and when he was the Rector of Swords, with Donabate and Kilsallaghan (2000-2018), he invited me to preach in his churches, to do occasional Sunday duty, and to conduct a baptism in Saint Patrick’s Church, Donabate. He also made the church in Donabate available one year for the Ash Wednesday retreat for CITI staff and students, and I remember his kindness when he was the acting chaplain in Tallaght Hospital.

Canon Ian Coulter, who died on 22 November, was the Canon Treasurer of Saint Canice’s Cathedral, Kilkenny and priest-in-charge of Templemore. We regularly bumped into each other in Kilkenny, where he was active in many civic, charitable and local organisations in Kilkenny, including Kilkenny Archaeological Society, the Rotary Club, Kilkenny Arts Festival, Saint Canice’s Credit Union, the Good Shepherd Centre and the Butler Gallery.

Father Dermod McCarthy, who died at 83, was once the editor of religious programmes at RTÉ. He was part of the team that produced the ground-breaking Radharc programmes for RTÉ from 1965, including documentaries on the famine in Nigeria and the last interview with Oscar Romero before he was martyred in 1980. Dermod was the administrator of the Pro-Cathedral, Dublin, from 1982 to 1991, and the editor of religious programmes until 2007.

Canon Michael Woods died on 17 December, a week before Christmas and only days after he had visited us in Stony Stratford. At different times he had been deputy principal and warden of the House of the Epiphany, the Anglican theological college in Kuching.

Other people I had known in Church life and who died this year include John Martin of CMS, from Australia – we travelled together on a number of church ventures, including China and Egypt; Brother Kevin Crowley of the Capuchins at Church Street; and Sister Stanislaus Kennedy (Sister Stan).

Recording Hiroshima Day reflections for Christian CND and the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship at the Japanese Peace Pagoda at Willen Lake

The writer and historian Dr Brid McGrath was also a long-time supporter of the Irish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Another long-time supporter of CND, John Goodwillie, died last December, although I only heard of his death well into this year.

Dr Martin Mansergh, who died aged 78, was known to many for his political role alongside Charlie Haughey and Bertie Aherne. But now that both he and Haughey are dead, I can tell how we once met quietly in Lincoln’s Inn at the back of TCD and Government Buildings, where he persuaded me to draft a speech for Haughey on nuclear disarmament. He was an academic historian, and at one reception in the Taoiseach’s office during Aherne’s tenure, we ended up having a lengthy discussion on how his ancestor Bryan Mansergh had acquired Ballybur Castle from my ancestor John Comerford in the 1650s and how the Mansergh family had usurped the Comerford family.

Martin was quietly supportive of the CND, the Anti-Apartheid Movement and other campaigns and during the 1798 bicentenary encouraged my research on the role of clergy and members of the Church of Ireland.

Another quiet supporter of CND was Henry Mountcharles, who died on 18 June at 74. Although he never paid his subscription or had a fundraiser at Slane Castle, he donated to the Festival of Life long before he ever succeeded as the 8th Marquess Conyngham.

Peter Watkins, the filmmaker best-known for The War Game also died this year. I once borrowed The War Game from the Revd George Ferguson and the peace film library of the Glencree Centre in Belgrave Square, Rathmines, for Irish CND and was surprised to find the small theatre in Liberty Hall was filled beyond capacity, with many people disappointed at not being able to get in.

This year marked the 80th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and I was invited to record Hiroshima Day addresses for Christian CND and Anglican Pacifist Fellowship and for the Peace and Neutrality Alliance in Ireland. Later, on the evening of 6 August, Charlotte and I attended the annual commemorations at the Japanese Peace Pagoda by Willen Lake.

Throughout the year, I had visits to Milton Keynes University Hospital, the John Radcliffe Hospital and the Churchill Hospital, Oxford, University College Hospital London, and clinics in both Milton Keynes and Oxford, as doctors continue to monitor my progress following a stroke almost four years ago and as I continue to have concerns about my sarcoidosis and B12 levels.

A health scare caused me to cancel a planned visit to Dublin in June, but I was back in Dublin in August and December for family visits and a pre-Christmas book launch, staying in Rathmines and Harcourt Street.

The pilgrim arrives at Lichfield Cathedral in afternoon summer sunshine

I stayed at home in Stony Stratford while Charlotte visited Kuching and Singapore this year, but I did return to Crete, spending Holy Week and Easter in Rethymnon. There was time to meet old friends in Rethymnon, Platanias, Tsesmes, Iraklion and Panormos, and walks on the beaches and around the harbours. But this was also a time for pilgrimage and for spiritual retreat.

I also need my regular retreats and spiritual refreshment in the Chapel of Saint John’s Hospital, Lichfield, and in Lichfield Cathedral, including the mid-day Eucharist and Choral Evensong. There were four return visits to Lichfield, and three each to Tamworth and Comberford during the year.

These included speaking in the Comberford Chapel in Saint Editha’s Church on the tercentenary of the Comberford family memorial plaque erected by Joseph Comerford in 1725, being a guest at the opening of the new facilities for Lichfield Discovered in the Old Grammar School on John Street, Lichfield, and work on Samuel Johnson that still has to bear fruit.

I was at the patronal festival celebrations in Saint John’s, had lunch in the Hedgehog, walked along Cross in Hand Lane, in Beacon Park and by Stowe Pool and climbed Borrowcop Hill in Lichfield, walked by the Tame in Tamworth and through the fields and by the river in Comberford, and visited both Comberford Hall and the Moat House, the former Comberford family home on Lichfield Street in Tamworth.

A visit to Comberford Hall in April sunshine

My continuing research on the work of the Stony Stratford architect Edward Swinfen Harris has brought me to Addington, Buckingham, Maids Moreton, Newport Pagnell, Road and Wolverton and back to Stony Stratford, and brought invitations to speak at events organised by the Milton Keynes Forum for Heritage Week, the Friends of Stony Stratford Library, the Wolverton and District Archaeological Society and the architecture group of the University of the Third Age in Buckingham.

There have been four or five visits to Oxford, including one overnight visit. But apart from hospital appointments, these have included opportunities to browse in the bookshops, visit college chapels, to walk by the river and to attend Choral Evensong in Pusey House. Regrettably, I never got to attend the ‘Receiving Nicaea’ conference in Pusey House last month. Nor did I get to Cambridge this year, and another conference I missed this year was ‘Rebooting Ecumenism: New Paradigms for the 21st Century’, organised by the Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies in Cambridge earlier this month.

We stayed over in York twice during family visits in January and September, which also included visits to Durham Cathedral and Durham Cathedral for the first time and family meals in Harrogate and York, and Sunday mornings in Saint Olave’s Church, York.

My visits to London included Choral Evensong in Southwark Cathedral marking the retirement of Paul Timms, coffee with family members and friends in Friends’ House, visits to churches in Bloomsbury, Clarence Gate, Fitzrovia, Marylebone, Mayfair and Soho and close to Euston Station. On one visit to London in February, I tripped and fell on Oxford Street, badly injuring many part of my face and I ended up in A&E in UCL Hospital in London.

There has been afternoon tea at Saint Guthlac’s Church in Passenham, another guided tour of Bradwell Abbey, pleasant afternoon and evening visits toand meals in Ye Olde Swan in Woughton on the Green, the Swan Inn in Milton Keynes village, the Black Horse, Great Linford, the Cock Hotel in Stony Stratford, and the Cosy Club in Milton Keynes.

My ‘escapades’ and short visits during the year included exploring churches, architecture, local history and sometimes the local countryside in Addington, Aylesbury, Bedford, Bicester, Bradwell, Buckingham, Castlethorpe, Colchester, Durham, Deanshanger, Frating, Friern Barnet, Gawcott, Gerards Cross, Hanslope, Leighton Buzzard, Knaresborough, Leighton Buzzard, Linslade, Luton, Maids Moreton, Middleton, Newport Pagnell, Olney, Padbury, Seer Green, Shire Oak, Stantonbury, Thame, Towcester, Watford, Wavendon, Wolverton, Winslow and Watford. And there have been visits to synagogues and synagogue sites in London, Luton, Watford, Durham Colchester and Rethymnon, and to mosques in Luton.

There have been walks by the Thames in London, the Wear in Durham, the Ouse in York, and the Great Ouse in Stony Stratford and Buckingham, by the Grand Union Canal at Campbell Wharf, and in Cosgrove, Great Linford, Leighton Buzzard, Wolverton and Woughton in the Green and by Willen Lake.

I have enjoyed Cricket on long sunny Saturday afternoons throughout the summer, spent some afternoons watching Irish and English rugby in the Old George, and I have been entertained and delighted by Aston Villa’s record-breaking performance in the Premiership that came to end last night with a stunning defeat by Arsenal. I have enjoyed street art in London, Oxford, Wolverton and Dublin, Greek coffee mornings and festivals in Stony Stratford, meals out in Milton Keynes, Harrogate, Stony Stratford, York, Dublin, Lichfield, Great Linford, Tamworth and Cosgrove, and explored bookshops in Oxford, London and Dublin, and had my first visits that I can recall to both Hatchard’s and Dillons bookshops in London.

With Professor Salvador Ryan (editor, second from left) and some of the other contributors at the launch of ‘Childhood and the Irish, A miscellany’ in the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, on 1 December 2025

My publications this year included two chapters in Salvador Ryan’s latest book, Childhood and the Irish, A miscellany (Dublin: Wordwell), launched in the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, at the beginning of this month; a brief introduction to ‘Diversity in Sarawak’ in Pray with the World Church: Prayers And Reflections from The Anglican Communion, 1 June 2025 – 29 November 2025 (London: USPG); a paper on ‘The Ikerrin Crown’, in Under Crimblin Hill, Historical journal of Dunkerrin Parish History Society (Vol V, 2026); a book review in the Irish Theological Quarterly (Maynooth, Volume 90 Issue 2, April 2025); and photographs in the Co Clare Visitor Guide and the County Kerry Visitor Guide (ed Sally Davies), and in Herald Malaysia. I have also been cited in a new Spanish book on the Duke of Wharton, who had Comerford family connections and links with Rathfarnham Castle.

I continue to blog twice a day, and this blog has had about 11.5 million hits this year alone, over half the total of 21 million hits since I began blogging over 15 years ago in August 2010.

During the year, I have celebrated the 25th anniversary of my ordination to the diaconate, and in the year to come I shall celebrate the 25th anniversary of my ordination to the priesthood. It is almost four years since I retired, and I continue to find support from colleagues at local clergy meetings, which took place this year in Wavendon, Furzton, Water Eaton, Shenley Church End and Wolverton.

Summer sunshine in Beacon Park during a visit to Lichfield

Although I missed this year’s USPG conference in Swanwick, Derbyshire, I continue to support the work of USPG, writing for the Prayer Diary, taking part in this year’s celebrations of Founder’s Day or Bray Day in Saint James’s Church, Piccadilly, and drawing on USPG prayers for own prayer diary on this blog each morning.

I continue to sing with the choir in Saint Mary and Saint Giles Church, Stony Stratford, where I am involved in leading intercessions and readings. Charlotte and I were invited guests at the visit of Archbishop Nikitas to the Greek Orthodox Church in Stony Stratford, I spent Kol Nidre, the evening of Yom Kippur, in my local synagogue in Milton Keynes, and we attended the Holocaust Memorial Day commemoration in Christ the Cornerstone Church in Milton Keynes.

Locally, I am a member of the Town Centre Working Group of Stony Stratford Town Council, I am a trustee of the Retreat, a local almshouse and charity, I am part of the Stony Playreaders, currently rehearsing for production in the Stony Words Festival next month, and I was asked toplay Santa in Stony Stratford at the Christmas Fair and Farmers Market in the Market Square.

With Archbishop Nikitas at Matins and the Divine Liturgy during his visit to the Greek Orthodox Church in Stony Stratford

This past year must not become Trump’s year, with his violence, vulgarity and vitriol, stoking up racism and hatred, shattering the lives and hopes of families, the marginalised and the most vulnerable, denying any wrong-doing yet suppressing the Epstein files and shifting the blame to the BBC and to journalists in other mainstream media who asking plain and direct questions. Nor must we allow his capricious and authoritarian rule to dim our hopes for the future.

Instead, for me, the Person of the Year is Bishop Mariann Edgar Budde, who spoke truth to power at the inaugural prayer service in Washington National Cathedral in January.

She spoke directly to Trump with a plea for mercy toward LGBTQ people and immigrant families, and then suffered a torrent of attacks and even calls for her deportation for defending. Her response was clear, sI am not going to apologize for asking for mercy for others.’

She called on him ‘to have mercy upon the people in our country who are scared now … some who fear for their lives.’

The backlash was swift and severe, but many theologians welcomed her sermon as a clear depiction of moral leadership and moral clarity, her book How We Learn to Be Brave: Decisive Moments in Life and Faith, has become a New York Times bestseller, and she was invited to deliver a Christmas meditation on BBC Radio 4.

Preaching at the funeral of Dr Jane Goodall in Washington National Cathedral, Bishop Budde said: ‘In the place where I am now, I want to make sure that you understand that each of you has a role to play. Even where the planet is dark, there is still hope. Get up. Go ahead. Do something. Move to preserve our beautiful planet for all living beings.’

‘We can do this,’ she has said throughout the year, ‘especially if we remember we are never alone. Together, God will work through us to bring about the kind of society, the kind of community we all deserve and that we want to pass on to those who come after us. Take good care, have courage, and remember that together, we can all be brave.’

I am enveloped in Love, upheld by Faith, encouraged by Hope. The sun will rise tomorrow.

Happy New Year.

The sun sets on another year … looking across Stowe Pool to Lichfield Cathedral after sunset (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

29 December 2025

Daily prayer in Christmas 2025-2026:
5, Monday 29 December 2025,
The Holy Innocents

The Killing of the Holy Innocents, by Giotto (ca 1304-1306), in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua

Patrick Comerford

On the fifth day of Christmas my true love sent to me … ‘five golden rings, four colly birds, three French hens, two turtle doves, and a partridge in a pear tree’.

This is the fifth day of Christmas and the calendar of the Church of England today remembers the Holy Innocents. The Festival of The Holy Innocents is usually observed on 28 December, and was observed in Saint Mary and Saint Giles Church, Stony Stratford, yesterday. But many churches and parishes marked yesterday as the first Sunday of Christmas, and for them the observance has been moved to today (Monday 29 December 2025).

If the Holy Innocents were commemorated yesterday, then the Church of England remembers Thomas Becket (1170), Archbishop of Canterbury and Martyr, today. The calendar of Eastern Orthodox Church also remembers the Holy Innocents on 29 December.

Before today begins, I am taking some quiet time this morning to give thanks, to reflect, to pray and to read in these ways:

1, today’s Gospel reading;

2, a short reflection;

3, a prayer from the USPG prayer diary;

4, the Collects and Post-Communion prayer of the day.

A detail from The Killing of the Holy Innocents, by Giotto (ca 1304-1306), in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

Matthew 2: 13-18 (NRSVA):

13 Now after they had left, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, ‘Get up, take the child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and remain there until I tell you; for Herod is about to search for the child, to destroy him.’ 14 Then Joseph got up, took the child and his mother by night, and went to Egypt, 15 and remained there until the death of Herod. This was to fulfil what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet, ‘Out of Egypt I have called my son.’

16 When Herod saw that he had been tricked by the wise men, he was infuriated, and he sent and killed all the children in and around Bethlehem who were two years old or under, according to the time that he had learned from the wise men. 17 Then was fulfilled what had been spoken through the prophet Jeremiah:

18 ‘A voice was heard in Ramah,
wailing and loud lamentation,
Rachel weeping for her children;
she refused to be consoled, because they are no more.’

A detail from the Killing of the Holy Innocents, by Giotto (ca 1304-1306), in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

Today’s Reflections:

The Christian interpretation of the song ‘The 12 Days of Christmas’ often sees the five gold or golden rings as figurative representations of the first five books of the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), the Pentateuch or the Torah.

It is theologically important to remind ourselves in the days after Christmas Day of the important link between the Incarnation and bearing witness to the Resurrection faith.

Saint Stephen’s Day on Friday (26 December), Holy Innocents’ Day (usually 28 December), and the commemoration of Thomas à Beckett (usually today, 29 December), are reminders that Christmas, far from being surrounded by sanitised images of the crib, angels and wise men, is followed by martyrdom and violence. When the Church Calendar recalls the massacre of the Holy Innocents, they are sometimes revered as the first Christian martyrs.

These dates have nothing to do with the chronological order of the event. Instead, the Holy Innocents are remembered within the octave of Christmas because they gave their life for the new-born Saviour. Saint Stephen the first martyr (martyr by will, love and blood, 26 December), Saint John the Evangelist (27 December, martyr by will and love), and these first flowers of the Church (martyrs by blood alone) accompany the Christ Child entering this world on Christmas Day.

This commemoration first appears as a feast of the western church at the end of the fifth century, and the earliest commemorations were connected with the Feast of the Epiphany (6 January), bringing together the murder of the Innocents and the visit of the Magi.

The story of the massacre of the Innocents is the biblical narrative of infanticide by King Herod the Great in today’s Gospel reading (Matthew 2: 13-18). According to Saint Matthew’s Gospel, Herod ordered the execution of all young male children in the village of Bethlehem to save him from losing his throne to a new-born king whose birth had been announced to him by the Magi.

In Saint Matthew’s Gospel, the visiting magi from the east arrive in Judea in search of the new-born king of the Jews, having ‘observed his star at its rising’ (Matthew 2: 2). Herod directs them to Bethlehem, and asks them to let him know who this king is when they find him. They find the Christ Child and honour him, but an angel tells them not to alert Herod, and they return home by another way. Meanwhile, Joseph has taken Mary and the Christ Child and they have fled to Egypt.

Saint Matthew’s Gospel provides the only account of the Massacre. This incident is not mentioned in the other three gospels, nor is it mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus, who records Herod’s murder of his own sons. When the Emperor Augustus heard that Herod had ordered the murder of his own sons, he remarked: ‘It is better to be Herod’s pig, than his son.’

Saint Matthew’s story recalls passages in Hosea referring to the exodus, and in Jeremiah referring to the Babylonian exile, and the accounts in Exodus of the birth of Moses and the slaying of the first-born children by Pharaoh.

Estimates of the number of infants at the time in Bethlehem, a town with a total population of about 1,000, would be about 20. But Byzantine liturgy estimated 14,000 Holy Innocents were murdered, while an early Syrian list of saints put the number at 64,000. Coptic sources raise the number to 144,000 and also place the event on 29 December.

In previous years, Christian CND and the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship have come together to mark Holy Innocents’ Day and to pray for peace with prayers, readings, singing and reflections on all the innocent victims of war and violence, especially children. This morning, as I reflect on the day ahead, my heart is weighed down by the plight of the children who have been caught in war and violence in Gaza, Isreal and Palestine, in Syria and Lebanon, and in Ukraine and Russia, the forgotten child refugees on Greek islands, in Lampedusa and in Calais, in cheap hotels across this land and across Europe, and the child refugees and innocent children who have become the victims of the appalling decisions about to be made by the Trump regime in the past year.

It was distressing, to say the least, to read a report by my former colleague Helena Smith from Athens in the Guardian last Christmas of a refugee ‘children’s emergency’ facing Greece, where the number of unaccompanied minors reaching the country rising and concerns growing over a lack of ‘safe zones’ to host them.

Large numbers of children arrived last year (2025) along a new trafficking route from Libya to Crete, prompting NGOs to urge Greek authorities to take emergency measures that would allow children to be transferred to protected shelters or other EU member states.

‘What we are seeing amounts to a children’s emergency of the kind that we haven’t witnessed in years,’ said Sofia Kouvelaki, who heads the Home Project, an organisation that supports refugee and migrant children in Athens.

Ten years after Greece was at the centre of a refugee crisis, when nearly a million EU-bound asylum seekers crossed its borders, child arrivals had doubled last year, according to the UN refugee agency, UNHCR. More than 13,000 minors arrived in Greece by sea in the first 11 months of thats year. Landings by unaccompanied and separated children have also risen sharply, from 1,490 in 2023 to approximately 3,000 so far this year.

‘There are a huge number of kids turning up on boats every day and an urgent need for the creation of more safe spaces to house them,’ Sofia Kouvelaki said. Recent arrivals referred to the Home Project included exceptionally young children from Syria and Egypt.

Greece’s migration minister, Nikos Panagiotopoulos, predicted last Christmas that pressure on east Mediterranean migration routes to Greece was likely to continue this year (2025). By the end of last year, 60,000 people had entered Greece, and camps on the Aegean islands were at full capacity, he said.

Aid groups report hundreds of children on the frontline isles of Samos, Leros and Kos without clothes or shoes and little or no access to essential services. Spending cuts by the Greek government resulted in fewer protective shelters and about 1,500 unaccompanied children were forced to fend for themselves throughout Greece. Incidents of violence and abuse proliferated in overcrowded state-run reception facilities that frequently host children and adults together. There were shocking reports of a teenager from Egypt being gang-raped, beaten and burned at the Malakasa refugee camp outside Athens.

Save the Children and other aid organisations report critical failures in Greece’s reception system, overcrowding in camps and asylum seeker facilities, shortages in basic services, placing children at risk as their asylum requests are put on EU funding is blocked from reaching shelters.

The Greek Council for Refugees and Save the Children reported alarming living conditions that minors continue to face in the camps. ‘It is unacceptable that, even now, when so much money has been invested in Greece and we are no longer in crisis mode, that we should be discussing such basic issues,’ according to Lefteris Papagiannakis, the director of the Greek Council for Refugees.

The situation has continued to deteriorate in the past 12 months. Last month (November 2025), the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) and the European Council for Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) submitted comments to the European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR) on the follow-up to the collective complaint ICJ and ECRE v Greece. Their submission details several aspects of Greece’s continuing non-compliance with the European Social Charter (ESC) concerning the rights of migrant and refugee children.

Their concerns include continued resort to detention or detention-like restrictions of migrant and refugee children as a substitute for reception; prolonged confinement in what should be ‘safe zones’ with unrelated adults; persistent substandard reception conditions on the islands; the continued lack of appropriate shelter for unaccompanied children on the mainland; recurrent barriers to healthcare and schooling; a deficient current age-assessment framework; concerns about medical tests, lengthy appeal deadlines; and violations of children’s rights.

Malcolm Guite is a Cambridge poet and priest. At the request of King Charles, one of his poems was read by Dame Kristin Scott Thomas on the Sunday before Christmas (21 December) at the Chapel Royal Carol Service:

We think of him as safe beneath the steeple,
Or cosy in a crib beside the font,
But he is with a million displaced people
On the long road of weariness and want.
For even as we sing our final carol
His family is up and on that road,
Fleeing the wrath of someone else’s quarrel,
Glancing behind and shouldering their load.
Whilst Herod rages still from his dark tower
Christ clings to Mary, fingers tightly curled,
The lambs are slaughtered by the men of power,
And death squads spread their curse across the world.
But every Herod dies, and comes alone
To stand before the Lamb upon the throne.

‘Joseph got up, took the child and his mother by night, and went to Egypt’ (Matthew 2: 14) … a window in Saint Peter’s Church, Kuching (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

Today’s Prayers (Monday 29 December 2025, the Holy Innocents):

The theme this week (28 December 2025 to 3 January 2026) in Pray with the World Church, the prayer diary of the Anglican mission agency USPG (United Society Partners in the Gospel), is ‘Mother and Child’ (pp 14-15). This theme was introduced yesterday with a Programme Update by Imran Englefield, Individual Giving Manager, USPG.

The USPG Prayer Diary today (Monday 29 December 2025) invites us to pray:

God of compassion, we continue to ask that you bless the faith and dedication of those working at Mvumi.

The Collect:

Heavenly Father,
whose children suffered at the hands of Herod,
though they had done no wrong:
by the suffering of your Son
and by the innocence of our lives
frustrate all evil designs
and establish your reign of justice and peace;
through Jesus Christ your Son our Lord,
who is alive and reigns with you,
in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, now and for ever.

The Post-Communion Prayer:

Lord Jesus Christ,
in your humility you have stooped to share our human life
with the most defenceless of your children:
may we who have received these gifts of your passion
rejoice in celebrating the witness of the Holy Innocents
to the purity of your sacrifice
made once for all upon the cross;
for you are alive and reign, now and for ever.

Yesterday’s Reflections

Continued Tomorrow

‘Rest on the Flight into Egypt’ (1879) by Luc-Olivier Merson (1846-1920) … a reminder of the stark reality of the hardship and deprivation suffered by a family on the run (Museum of Fine Arts Boston)

Scripture quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible: Anglicised Edition copyright © 1989, 1995 National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide. http://nrsvbibles.org

27 December 2025

Saint Titus: a link with Crete,
the lectionary readings at
Christmas, and how my name
was changed at my baptism

‘For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all’ (Titus 2: 11) … an icon of Saint Titus inside the entrance to Saint Titus Cathedral in Iraklion (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

Patrick Comerford

The day I was born was the Saturday of a key rugby international between Ireland and France. Ireland beat France 11-8 in a Five Nations Championship match in the Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir (Stade Colombes) in Colombes, France. It was Ireland’s third consecutive win against France at the time, although the 1952 championship was ultimately won by Wales, who achieved their fifth Grand Slam.

My mother wanted to name me Paul, because the previous day was the Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul. The uncle and aunt who brought me to be baptised decided against her wishes to name me Patrick, but my mother persisted in calling me Paul privately for the rest of her life.

But the Church Calendar on 26 January actually remembers Saint Timothy and Saint Titus, companions of Saint Paul. Timothy, we are told, had a Jewish mother and a Greek father, whilst Titus was wholly Greek. It was because of Titus that Paul stood out against compulsory circumcision but, to avoid suspicion from other Jews, Timothy was circumcised.

Of course, my mother never called me Timothy or Titus. But I was reminded of Saint Titus this week, and remembered how grateful I was that I had not been named Titus by my mother, when the lectionary provided for two readings from the Letter to Titus on Christmas Day: Titus 2: 11-14 and Titus 3: 4-7. We used one of those Christmas readings (Titus 2: 11-14) at Midnight Mass in All Saints’ Church, Calverton, on Wednesday night:

11 For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all, 12 training us to renounce impiety and worldly passions, and in the present age to live lives that are self-controlled, upright, and godly, 13 while we wait for the blessed hope and the manifestation of the glory of our great God and Saviour, Jesus Christ. 14 He it is who gave himself for us that he might redeem us from all iniquity and purify for himself a people of his own who are zealous for good deeds. (NRSVA)

The Church of Saint Titus in Iraklion holds the relics of Saint Titus, the companion and disciple of the Apostle Paul in Crete (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

Saint Titus Cathedral is one of the many cathedrals and churches I visited in Iraklion, the main city in Crete, at Easter earlier this year, including Saint Minas Cathedral; the older, much smaller Church of Saint Minas that sits in its shadow; Saint Catharine of Sinai, which stands in the same square and is now the impressive Museum of Christian Art; the Byzantine Church of Saint Matthew of the Sinaites, which also has connections with Saint Catherine’s Monastery on Mount Sinai; Saint Peter’s Church, a former Dominican foundation now reopened as Saint Peter and Saint Paul; and the former Saint Mark’s Church.

Saint Mark’s and Saint Titus sit beside each other, and both had cathedral status at various times. Saint Mark’s, which no longer functions as a cathedral, dates back, as its name indicates, to Venetian times.

Saint Titus, on the other hand, dates back to Byzantine times, and is probably the church in Iraklion that is most visited by tourists because of its location, the fact that it is open daily as a church, and because it enshrines the head of Saint Titus, the most celebrated relic in Crete.

The head of Saint Titus is the most important relic in the Church of Saint Titus in Iraklion (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

Saint Titus is the patron saint and the first bishop of Crete. His feast is celebrated on 25 August throughout the Orthodox Church. He was only added to the Calendar of the Western Church as late as 1854, when he was assigned to 6 February.

The Roman Catholic Church moved his feast to 26 January in 1969 so he could be linked with Saint Timothy and celebrated on the day after the feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul. Saint Timothy and Saint Titus are named on 26 January in the calendars of many Anglican churches, including Common Worship in the Church of England, and the Episcopal Church, but not in the calendar of the Church of Ireland.

However, 25 August remains the feast of Saint Titus in the Orthodox Church, and his head is the most important relic in the Church of Saint Titus in Iraklion in Crete.

The side chapel with the shrine and head of Saint Titus in the Church of Saint Titus in Iraklion (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

Saint Titus (Αγιος Τίτος) was a companion and disciple of the Apostle Paul and an early missionary. He is referred to in several of the Pauline epistles, including the Epistle to Titus, and he brought a letter from Saint Paul to Corinth to collect for the poor in Jerusalem. He is believed to have been be a Greek from Antioch. Tradition says he was the first Bishop of Crete and appointed priests in every city in Crete.

The first church dedicated to Saint Titus in Crete was in the old capital Gortyn, until its destruction by earthquake and the Arab transfer of the capital of Crete from Gortyn to Chandax (Iraklion) in the year 828.

Nicephorus Phocas drove the Arabs from Crete in 961, bringing the island back under Byzantine rule. The first Church of Saint Titus in Iraklion may have been built then, and the skull of Saint Titus, the miraculous icon of the Virgin Mesopanditissa and other sacred relics from Gortyn were moved to the new church, which was a single-aisled building.

Inside the Church of Saint Titus, which may date back the year 961 (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

The Venetians took control of Crete in 1210 and a Roman Catholic archbishop was installed in the church. It underwent some modifications, including the opening of a circular skylight and the construction of a bell tower.

This first building was destroyed before the middle of the 15th century. The church was then rebuilt in the style of a three-aisled basilica and was dedicated by the Archbishop of Crete, Fantino Dandolo, on 3 January 1446.

It was slightly damaged by the earthquake of 1508, and was destroyed by a fire on 3 April 1544, although the relics held in the church were saved. The church was rebuilt in the same style in 1557.

The bishop's throne in Saint Titus Church, which was rebuilt in 1872 and remained a mosque until the 1920s (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

When Iraklion was captured by the Turks in 1669, the Venetians removed all the relics from the church and took them to Venice.

Under Turkish rule, the Church of Saint Titus was taken over by Vizier Fazil Ahmet Kiopruli, who converted it into a mosque known as the Vizeir Mosque.

A major earthquake devastated the city in 1856 and totally destroyed the mosque or former church. It was rebuilt as an Ottoman mosque in 1872 by the architect Athanasios Moussis, who also designed the Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Minas. The rebuilt mosque was known subsequently as the Yeni Cami or New Mosque.

After the integration of Crete into the modern state of Greece, it ceased being a mosque and the minaret was demolished in the 1920s, when the last Muslims left Iraklion with the ‘exchange of populations’ between Greece and Turkey under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne.

Restoration work on the church began in 1925, and it was consecrated as the Church of Saint Titus in 1926. The relics of Saint Titus remain in Venice to this day, but his skull was returned to Iraklion in 1966 and is now kept in a silver reliquary in a side chapel in the church.

The church was stored and refurbished in a project that lasted from 1974 to 1988. Archbishop Irenaeus made the church of Saint Titus the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Crete in 2013.

Panels on the church walls depict incidents in the lives of Saint Paul and Saint Titus (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

24 December 2025

A peacock in a ‘tondo’ by
Fra Angelico links Christmas
and Easter, the incarnation
and the Resurrection

The ‘Adoration of the Magi’ (ca 1440/1460) by Fra Angelico and Fra Filippo Lippi

Patrick Comerford

As is so often at this stage in my life, I have sent out very few Christmas cards this year. Indeed, I have handed out very few cards either. In previous years, I always tried to send cards that had a real religious symbolism and designs. But I now feel a little guilty that I have not returned with the same verve or energy to sending out cards that I once had.

The small box of Oxfam cards I bought this year has not been fully used. It may be due to a number of moves in recent years, to the consequent loss of address books, and some reactions that are still delayed following a stroke almost four years ago. Or it may simply be down to bad planning and follow-through on my part.

By way of compensation, I am putting together a collection of images – stained-glass windows, icons, crib scenes and works of art – to post as online Christmas cards, posting one at noon each day on social media throughout the Twelve Days of Christmas. This follows the positive response to my daily ‘Advent Calendar’ postings throughout the month of December.

One image that caught my attention from similar postings in previous years is the Adoration of the Magi, a tondo or circular painting dating from ca 1440-1460 and ascribed to both Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi. It was recorded in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence in 1492, and is now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC.

In this work, I am particularly struck by a large peacock perches on the roof of the stable, looking over his shoulder, and forming the shape of a cross in the eaves behind him.

A peacock among the heraldic symbols of the Comberford family in the Moat House on Lichfield Street in Tamworth (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

The peacock may have been given a prominent place in this work because Giovanni di Cosimo de Medici (1421-1463) had adopted a peacock as his heraldic symbol, along with the French motto Regarde-Moi (‘Watch me’).

This may help to explain how the peacock was popularised as a symbol in late mediaeval heraldry, as seen in the coats-of arms of the Comberford and Comerford families, as well as the Arbuthnot family and the Manners family who became the Dukes of Rutland.

The Comberford family may have first adopted the peacock and a ducal coronet as the crest in their coat of arms through a link with the Harcourt family and the two families’ shared connections with the Moat House on Lichfield Street in Tamworth. And, in turn, there may be a connection there that has links in some way with the Battle of Bosworth Field at the end of the Wars of the Roses, or provided a visual link with the swan that provided similar symbolism for the Stafford family, Dukes of Buckingham.

In time, peacocks came to decorate the crests in the coat-of-arms of both the Comerford and Comberford families: a peacock’s head in the case of two branches of the family, and a peacock in his pride in a third branch.

Three peacocks in ‘The Paradise’, a poster in a shopfront in Rethymnon inspired by a Byzantine fresco created by Theophanes of Crete in 1527 in Meteora (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

I have long been fascinated by peacocks. When I was living in Wexford in the mid-1970s, I went on a long walk in the sunshine one Sunday afternoon and came across a farm near Piercestown, 6 km south of Wexford town, with a large number of peafowl in the farmyard.

I turned into work at the Wexford People the next morning, enthusiastic about offering a feature on what appeared to be an exotic peacock colony. But everyone else seemed to know about it and was dismissive, and no-one shared my enthusiasm. The feature was never written – but then, it was in the days when newspapers were in black and white, and any photographs could never have done justice to the sight that delighted me that summer afternoon.

That fascination has continued. I have learned how to attract their attention and curiosity without disturbing them, and delighted in feeding them from my hand across Europe, from the gardens of the Royal Alcázar of Seville and vineyards near Perpignan in the south of France to the monastic gardens of Vlatadon on the slopes overlooking Thessaloniki in northern Greece.

A peacock in the gardens at the Royal Alcázar of Seville … happy to eat from a visitor’s hand (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

In vineyards, peafowl – peacocks and peahens – walk around freely. Peafowl are forest birds that nest on the ground, but roost in trees. They are terrestrial feeders, and domesticated peafowl enjoy protein rich food, including larvae that infest granaries, different kinds of meat and fruit, as well as vegetables, including dark leafy greens, broccoli, carrots, beans, beets, and peas. This makes them appropriate birds to keep in an organic vineyard, acting as a natural protection for the vines.

They are curious birds too, always ready to respond to the presence of people. Despite their innate independence, they can appear to be both disdainful and socially curious at one and the same time.

With this natural curiosity, sociability and their feeding habits, it is easy to entice the peacocks and peahens with nuts and raisins and to have them eating from your hand, like cats seeking to make sense of the attention of visitors.

Peacocks above the doors of Alexandra Kaouki’s former workshop on Melissinou Street in the old town in Rethymnon (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

The English poet William Blake (1757-1827) wrote in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793): ‘The pride of the peacock is the glory of God.’ But how did the peacock become such an interesting symbol in Christianity? Why is it that peacocks appear so often in Christian art as a symbol of the Resurrection and Eternal Life?

In ancient Persia and Babylon, the peacock was associated with Paradise and the Tree of Life and was seen as a guardian to royalty, and was often engraved upon royal thrones.

These birds were not known to Greeks before the conquests of Alexander the Great. Aristotle, who was Alexander’s tutor, refers to the peacock as ‘the Persian bird.’ In classical Greece, it was believed that the flesh of peafowl did not decay after death, and so the peacock became a symbol of immortality.

This symbolism was adopted in early Christianity, and many early Christian paintings and mosaics show the peacock. The peacock is still used in the Easter season, especially in the east. The ‘eyes’ in the peacock’s tail feathers symbolise the all-seeing God and – in some interpretations – the Church.

A peacock drinking from a vase is used as a symbol of a Christian believer drinking from the waters of eternal life. The peacock can also symbolise the cosmos if one interprets his tail with his many ‘eyes’ as the vault of heaven dotted by the sun, moon, and stars. The peacock is associated with immortality, and in iconography the peacock is often depicted next to the Tree of Life.

Peacocks and peacock feathers as symbols of the Resurrection in the Church of the Four Martyrs in Rethymnon (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

Some commentators have written that the reference in the Book of Revelation to four living creatures ‘full of eyes in front and behind’ before the throne is inspired by images of the tail of the peacock (see Revelation 4: 6). Other writers also say, ironically, that the peacock is a symbol of humility, since he has great beauty, yet hides it all behind himself.

The peacock has been a symbol of immortality from as early as the 3rd century CE on the walls of the catacombs of Rome. Later, peacocks appear in mediaeval paintings and manuscripts and in decorative motifs on churches and buildings, and even among the animals in the stable at Christ’s nativity.

The peacock in the Adoration of the Magi by Fra Angelico and Filippo Lipp is large and peacock perches on the top of the stable, looking over his shoulder. What is he looking back at, or forward to?

For me, he seems to provide a thematic link between the wooden stable and the wood of the cross, between the incarnation and the resurrection, between Christmas and Easter. There is more to look forward to than Christmas. But, for now, may you have a Happy and a Blessed and a Holy Christmas.

Peacocks on comfortable cushions at Esquires Coffee on West Street, Buckingham (Photograph: Patrick Comerford, 2025)

22 December 2025

Daily prayer in Advent 2025:
23, Monday 22 December 2025

An image of the Virgin Mary in a quiet corner at the High Leigh Conference Centre in Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

Patrick Comerford

We are in the final days of the Season of Advent, yesterday was the Fourth Sunday of Advent (Advent IV, 21 December 2025), today is the last of the eight days of Hanukkah this year, and Christmas Day is just a few days away.

Before today begins, I am taking some quiet time this morning to give thanks, to reflect, to pray and to read in these ways:

1, today’s Gospel reading;

2, a short reflection;

3, a prayer from the USPG prayer diary;

4, the Collects and Post-Communion prayer of the day.

The words of the canticle Magnificat carved on a wooden screen in Mount Melleray Abbey, Cappoquin, Co Waterford (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

Luke 1: 46-56 (NRSVA):

46 And Mary said,

‘My soul magnifies the Lord,
47 and my spirit rejoices in God my Saviour,
48 for he has looked with favour on the lowliness of his servant.
Surely, from now on all generations will call me blessed;
49 for the Mighty One has done great things for me,
and holy is his name.
50 His mercy is for those who fear him
from generation to generation.
51 He has shown strength with his arm;
he has scattered the proud in the thoughts of their hearts.
52 He has brought down the powerful from their thrones,
and lifted up the lowly;
53 he has filled the hungry with good things,
and sent the rich away empty.
54 He has helped his servant Israel,
in remembrance of his mercy,
55 according to the promise he made to our ancestors,
to Abraham and to his descendants for ever.’

56 And Mary remained with her for about three months and then returned to her home.

The Virgin Mary with the Crown of Thorns depicted in a church window in Bansha, Co Tipperary (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

Today’s Reflections:

In the Gospel reading at the Eucharist today (Luke 1: 46-56), we continue a series of readings before Christmas that draw on the two nativity narratives found in Matthew 1: 1-24 and Luke 1: 5-79.

During the days before Christmas, the great canticle Magnificat at Evensong traditionally has a refrain or antiphon attached to it proclaiming the ascriptions or ‘names’ given to God through the Old Testament. Each name develops into a prophecy of the coming of the Messiah.

O Sapientia, or O Wisdom, is the first of these days, and was marked on Wednesday (17 December). It was followed on Thursday (18 December) by O Adonai, by O Root of Jesse on Friday (19 December), O Key of David on Saturday (20 December), O Dayspring yesterday (21 December), and by O King of the Nations today (22 December), and, finally O Emmanuel tomorrow (23 December).

The seven majestic Messianic titles for Christ are based on Biblical prophecies, and they help the Church to recall the variety of the ills of humanity before the coming of the Redeemer as each antiphon in turn pleads with mounting impatience for Christ to save his people.

The Gospel reading at the Eucharist today is set withing the story of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary to her cousin Saint Elizabeth.

This Advent has been a time of waiting, a time of preparation, a time of anticipation. Since 30 November, in our time of waiting, preparation and anticipation, we have been preparing ourselves in the liturgy and the music, with carol services and quiet days, with Christmas Markets and Santa’s grotto, with the Advent Wreath and the Crib.

The four candles on the Advent wreath have reminded us, week-after-week, of those who prepared us in the past for the Coming of the Christ Child: first the Patriarchs and Matriarchs, our ancestors in faith, including Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Jacob; then the prophets, including Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Micah; then Saint John the Baptist; and yesterday, the fourth and final candle reminded us of the Virgin Mary. This fourth candle connects with the Gospel reading yesterday, telling the story of Joseph’s response to Mary’s pregnancy, and today’s reading from the Canticle Magnificat (Luke 1: 46-55), so often heard at Evening Prayer.

The great German theologian and martyr, Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945), in an Advent sermon in London 92 years ago (17 December 1933), said Magnificat ‘is the oldest Advent hymn,’ and he spoke of how Mary knows better than anyone else what it means to wait for Christ’s coming:

‘In her own body she is experiencing the wonderful ways of God with humankind: that God does not arrange matters to suit our opinions and views, does not follow the path that humans would like to prescribe. God’s path is free and original beyond all our ability to understand or to prove.’

The Virgin Mary of the Visitation and of the canticle Magnificat is a strong and revolutionary woman, unlike the Virgin Mary of the plaster-cast statues and the Rosary.

The Mary I see as a role model for belief and discipleship is the Mary who sets off in a hurry and a flurry to visit her cousin Elizabeth, the Mary with a gob on her who speaks out of turn when she comes out with those wonderful words we hear in this Gospel reading, the Mary who sings the Canticle Magnificat.

This Mary is a wonderful, feisty person. She is what the red-top tabloid newspapers today might describe ‘a gymslip Mum.’ But, instead of hiding herself away from her family, from her cousins, from the woman in her family who is married to a priest, she rushes off to her immediately, to share her good news with her.

And she challenges so many of our prejudices and our values and our presumptions today. Not just about gymslip mums and unexpected or unplanned pregnancies, but about what the silent and the marginalised have to say about our values in society today.

And Mary declares:

He has shown strength with his arm;
he has scattered the proud in the thoughts of their hearts.
He has brought down the powerful from their thrones,
and lifted up the lowly;
he has filled the hungry with good things,
and sent the rich away empty.
He has helped his servant Israel,
in remembrance of his mercy,
according to the promise he made to our ancestors,
to Abraham and to his descendants for ever.’

It is almost like this is the programme or the agenda we can expect when the Christ Child is born, a programme and agenda that the world so desparately needs to hear the promise of today.

An icon of the Virgin Mary in an antique shop in Rethymnon (Photograph: Patrick Comerford)

Today’s Prayers (Monday 22 December 2024):

The theme this week (21 to 27 December 2025) in Pray with the World Church, the prayer diary of the Anglican mission agency USPG (United Society Partners in the Gospel), is ‘Love Brings Life in Tanzania’ (pp 12-13). This theme was introduced yesterday with a Programme Update by Imran Englefield, Individual Giving Manager, USPG.

The USPG Prayer Diary today (Monday 22 December 2025) invites us to pray:

Loving God, we give thanks for Dr Chalinzee and his devoted service at Mvumi Hospital. Strengthen him with wisdom, patience, and compassion as he cares for mothers and children.

The Collect:

God our redeemer,
who prepared the Blessed Virgin Mary
to be the mother of your Son:
grant that, as she looked for his coming as our saviour,
so we may be ready to greet him
when he comes again as our judge;
who is alive and reigns with you,
in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, now and for ever.

The Post-Communion Prayer:

Heavenly Father,
who chose the Blessed Virgin Mary
to be the mother of the promised saviour:
fill us your servants with your grace,
that in all things we may embrace your holy will
and with her rejoice in your salvation;
through Jesus Christ our Lord.

Additional Collect:

Eternal God,
as Mary waited for the birth of your Son,
so we wait for his coming in glory;
bring us through the birth pangs of this present age
to see, with her, our great salvation
in Jesus Christ our Lord.

Yesterday’s Reflections

Continued Tomorrow



Scripture quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible: Anglicised Edition copyright © 1989, 1995 National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide. http://nrsvbibles.org

20 December 2025

The Greeks have a word for it:
57, Χριστούγεννα (Christougenna), Christmas

A traditional Christmas boat lit up on the seafront in Rethymnon in Crete (Photograph: Peek Travel, 2025)

Many years ago, while I was working in Athens and the Peloponnese in the weeks before Christmas, the request came to bring some Greek Christmas decorations back with me. It was an unusual ask, because Christmas is celebrated in such a different way in Greece, and it is only in the years since that it has become such a major holiday celebration.

Our celebrations, even our vocabulary surrounding Christmas, are different in each European language. Christmas is Noël in French, Natale in Italian, Natal in Portuguese, and Navidad in Spanish and Weihnachten in German.

The Greek word for Christmas is Χριστούγεννα (Christougenna ), which means ‘Christ’s birth,’ a combination of Χριστός (Christos), Christ, and γέννα (génna), meaning birth. So, to say ‘Merry Christmas’ or Happy Christmas, Greeks say Καλά Χριστούγεννα (Kala Christougenna).

So, here are some more Greek words and phrases to add to any vocabulary:

• Η παραμονή των Χριστουγέννων (i paramoni ton Christouyennon), Christmas Eve

• Ημέρα των Χριστουγέννων ( Imera ton Christouyennon), Christmas Day

• Η Χριστουγεννιάτικη κάρτα (i Christouyenniatiki karta), Christmas card

• Το Xριστουγεννιάτικο Δέντρο (to Christouyenniatiko thendro), the Christmas tree

• Χριστουγεννιάτικα κάλαντα (Christouyenniatika kalanda), Christmas carols

• Τα Κάλαντα (to kalanda), the carols

• Σας εύχομαι καλά Χριστούγεννα (Sas efkoma kala christouenna), I wish you Merry Christmas

• Χρόνια πολλά (chronia polla), a phrase we use to wish you many years of good health, said on your birthday, name day, major holidays – and said at Christmas too

• Καλές γιορτές (kales yortes), ‘Good Holidays’ or ‘Happy Holidays’

• Η Παραμονή της Πρωτοχρονιάς (i paramoni paramoni protohronias), New Year’s Eve

• Καλή Πρωτοχρονιά (Kali protohronia), Happy New Year’s Eve

• Καλή Χρονιά (Kali Chronia), Happy New Year

• Ευτυχισμένο το Νέο Έτος ( Eftihsmeno to neo etos), a more formal way of saying ‘Happy New Year’

• Άγιος Βασίλης (Ayios Vasilis), Saint Basil, I suppose the Greek equivalent of Santa Claus

Christmas lights on Tsouderon Street in Rethymnon

Some Orthodox Christians may fast for 40 days before Christmas, which is a little longer than Advent in the Western churches, abstaining from meat, eggs or butter.

For most Greeks, Christmas has become a month-long season, starting on Saint Nicholas Day on 6 December and ending with Epiphany on 6 January. Saint Nicholas has a particular significance in maritime Greece, and his day honours the patron saint of sailors, with special ceremonies in coastal communities and aboard decorated boats.

Traditionally, Christmas in Greece has featured festive boats or καραβάκια (karavakia) rather than Christmas trees, and these decorative vessels range from tiny mantelpiece displays to massive installations in city squares, symbolise a welcome and safe homecoming for seafaring family members.

Children used to make their own boats, using wood and paper and then decorate them with colourful fabrics, cotton and twigs. Then, on Christmas Eve, they would go door-to-door in groups from early morning, singing carols, bringing their hand-made boats to fill with sweets and coins.

The first Christmas tree in Greece was introduced by the Bavarian King Otto in 1833. In recent years, Christmas trees often replaced the boat. But the boat has regained its popularity in many places as a Christmas decoration.

Modern Greek families often combine both traditions, displaying Christmas trees alongside traditional boats, creating unique festive environments that honour both ancient customs and contemporary practices. In Thessaloniki, the Christmas celebrations and displays include a famous three-masted ship in Aristotelous Square.

A traditional food is Χριστόψωμο ( Christopsomo), literally ‘Christ’s Bread’, the sweet Christmas bread that is served traditionally on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day. Some flavour the bread with nuts and dried fruit, others with spices and dried herbs, and a small amount of olive oil is added to the dough to help with the texture. The design varies too, but traditional christopsomo is adorned with either a cross or the Greek letter X (chi), the initial for Christ.

Christmas Day in Greece focuses on family gatherings rather than gift-giving. Instead, children traditionally received their seasonal gifts on New Year’s Day, 1 January, Saint Basil’s Day, delivered by the kindly Saint Basil rather than Santa Claus.

Part of the tradition for Saint Basil’s Day is the Βασιλόπιτα (vasilopita a circular sweet bread decorated with almonds, and with a hidden coin is hidden. This bread is always cut on New Year’s Day: the first piece is cut for Christ, and the rest of the pieces are distributed starting with the eldest member of the family.

Epiphany Day, Θεοφάνεια (Theophania) on 6 January brings the Christmas celebrations to a conclusion. People gather at the nearest seaside, lake or river. There the priest blesses a cross, throws it into the water, and young men dive in to retrieve the cross.

A Greek way of saying Merry Christmas, with a festive boat or karavaki (καραβάκι)

Previous words in this series:

1, Neologism, Νεολογισμός.

2, Welcoming the stranger, Φιλοξενία.

3, Bread, Ψωμί.

4, Wine, Οίνος and Κρασί.

5, Yogurt, Γιαούρτι.

6, Orthodoxy, Ορθοδοξία.

7, Sea, Θᾰ́λᾰσσᾰ.

8,Theology, Θεολογία.

9, Icon, Εἰκών.

10, Philosophy, Φιλοσοφία.

11, Chaos, Χάος.

12, Liturgy, Λειτουργία.

13, Greeks, Ἕλληνες or Ρωμαίοι.

14, Mañana, Αύριο.

15, Europe, Εὐρώπη.

16, Architecture, Αρχιτεκτονική.

17, The missing words.

18, Theatre, θέατρον, and Drama, Δρᾶμα.

19, Pharmacy, Φᾰρμᾰκείᾱ.

20, Rhapsody, Ραψῳδός.

21, Holocaust, Ολοκαύτωμα.

22, Hygiene, Υγιεινή.

23, Laconic, Λακωνικός.

24, Telephone, Τηλέφωνο.

25, Asthma, Ασθμα.

26, Synagogue, Συναγωγή.

27, Diaspora, Διασπορά.

28, School, Σχολείο.

29, Muse, Μούσα.

30, Monastery, Μοναστήρι.

31, Olympian, Ολύμπιος.

32, Hypocrite, Υποκριτής.

33, Genocide, Γενοκτονία.

34, Cinema, Κινημα.

35, autopsy and biopsy

36, Exodus, ἔξοδος

37, Bishop, ἐπίσκοπος

38, Socratic, Σωκρατικὸς

39, Odyssey, Ὀδύσσεια

40, Practice, πρᾶξις

41, Idiotic, Ιδιωτικός

42, Pentecost, Πεντηκοστή

43, Apostrophe, ἀποστροφή

44, catastrophe, καταστροφή

45, democracy, δημοκρατία

46, ‘Αρχή, beginning, Τέλος, end

47, ‘Αποκάλυψις, Apocalypse

48, ‘Απόκρυφα, Apocrypha

49, Ἠλεκτρον (Elektron), electric

50, Metamorphosis, Μεταμόρφωσις

51, Bimah, βῆμα

52, ἰχθύς (ichthýs) and ψάρι (psari), fish.

53, Τὰ Βιβλία (Ta Biblia), The Bible

54, Φῐλοξενῐ́ᾱ (Philoxenia), true hospitality

55, εκκλησία (ekklesia), the Church

56, ναός (naos) and ἱερός (ieros), a church

57, Χριστούγεννα (Christougenna), Christmas

58, ἐπιφάνεια (epipháneia), θεοφάνεια, (theopháneia), Epiphany and Theophany

59, Ζέφυρος (Zéphuros), the West Wind

60, Αύριο (Avrio), Tomorrow.

61, καλημέρα (κaliméra), ‘Good Morning’, and καλαμάρι, κalamári, ‘squid’.

Series to be continued

The Christmas Tree in Syntagma Square in the centre of Athens (Photograph: Athens Municipality)