Patrick Comerford
On a sunny afternoon last week, I strolled along Leoforos Vasilissis Olgas or Queen Olga Avenue in Thessaloniki, appreciating the once elegant fin de siècle villas, some now decaying and crumbling, that lined what had been the most elegant and one of richest areas of the city, and home of many ruling families at the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
Wealthy Greek, Jewish, Turkish and European merchant and political built most of these architectural masterpieces. Each villa tells its own unique story. Some are galleries, others house cultural and historical institutions. Many retain their detailed colourful decorations, some even their impressive furniture, all influenced by the eclecticism of the 18th and 19th century.
Several villas have been preserved after painful restoration efforts, including the Villa Mordoch, the Villa Ahmet Kapanci (1890), the Villa Mehmet Kapanci (1893) and the Villa Bianca. Others are still sadly awaiting restoration after many decades, including the Villa Hirsch and the Salem Mansion at No 20.
The Salem Mansion was designed in 1878 by Xenophon Paionides (1863-1933), who was, perhaps, the most famous Greek architect in Thessaloniki. He was born in Fourka in Halkidiki in 1863 and studied architecture in Athens and Munich before returning to Thessaloniki.
His villas on this street include the Hassan Pristine or Hafiz Bey Mansion, which became the School for the Blind (1879), the Frederic de Charnaud Mansion, also known as the Hadzilazarou or Siaga Mansion (1899), and Seifulah Pasha Mansion or Villa Mordoch (1905), which is regarded as his masterpiece.
Paionides was the official architect of the city’s Greek Community for the first quarter of the 20th century. His public buildings in Thessaloniki include the Analipsi School (1909), the Hamidye Hospital, now the Aghios Dimitrios Hospital (1903), and the Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Gregory Palamas (1914). Paionides died in Saint Anastassia Monastery in Halkidiki in 1933, and was buried in Thessaloniki.
Paionides designed the Salem Mansion wealthy Jeborga (Τζεμπόργκα) Jewish merchant family in 1878. It was bought in 1894 by Emmanuel Salem. the most important lawyer in the city and an eminent member of the Jewish Community. It remained in his family for over 20 years and the family gave it its name, the Salem Mansion (Η Επαυλη Σαλέμ).
The three-storey Salem Mansion is one of the finest examples in Thessaloniki of the city’s neo-baroque eclecticism. It has an elaborate façade and is built with luxurious materials. It has baroque pediments, and its architectural styles combine elements of classicism, renaissance and baroque styles.
a The villa changed hands during World War I, and when the Salem family left in 1915 and the villa became the Consulate of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was bought by the Italian state in 1924, and for it served as the Italian Consulate for more than half a century, until 1978.
The Salem family came to Thessaloniki with the wave of Sephardic Jewish refugees fleeing Spain and the Spanish Inquisition after 1492. They first appear as a prominent family in Thessaloniki around 1550, when Avraam Salem, perhaps a medical graduate of Coimbra University, was practicing in the city as a medical doctor.
Other members of the family became involved in the commercial life of the city, and were generous philanthropists. Avraam Salem was a great genefactor of the Jewish community, Salomon Salem became the Chief Rabbi of Amsterdam, while Chaim Salem founded a school.
Emmanuel Salem (1859-1940) was the first general secretary of the Bar Association of Thessaloniki and was one of the three most important lawyers in the history of the city.
Emmanuel Salem was born in 1859, the son of Rabbi Raphael Salem. He graduated in law in Constantinople in 1879 and soon became a leading member of the Jewish Community in Thessaloniki and one of the most prominent jurists in the field of international law in the Ottoman Empire. He was involved in founding a new water company, gas company, tram and electric company, and also in founding the Banque du Salonique, of which he was a board from 1891 and an executive director from 1918 to 1937.
He played a major part in the founding of the Bar Association of Thessaloniki and was its first general secretary – the president was a Turkish Muslim, the treasurer was a Greek Christian and the official language of the association was French, an indication of how Thessaloniki was a multicultural and cosmopolitan city at the time.
Salem was also involved in many Jewish welfare organisations including hospitals and charities, and in the founding of the Allatini Orphanage on Velissariou Street.
For his diplomatic efforts during a dispute between the Vatican and Ottoman Empire, Salem was decorated by Pope Leo III in 1889.
Before the outbreak of World War I, Salem was involved in the committee demanding reforms in the Ottoman Empire in 1908 although he favoured the Sultan rather than the cause of the Young Turks. After World War I, Salem was involved in negotiating the Lausanne Treaty in 1923.
He received honours from many countries, including the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy, France, Belgium, the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, and Greece conferred on him the Order of the Saviour.
Salem later moved to France, and he spent the latter years of his life in Paris, where he continued to practice law. But he remained in involved in major enterprises linked to his home city, including the Banque de Salonique and the Salonica Cigarette Company, as well as the Cairo Stock Exchange listed.
He became the President of the Thessaloniki Jewish Association in Paris, which later became part of the Religious Sephardic Association of Paris, and was a board member of the Alliance Universelle Israelite and the Great Council of French Jews. He died in Paris in February 1940.
Emmanuel and Fortunè Salem were the parents of Raphael Salem, who was born in the Salem Mansion on Vassillis Olgas Avenue on 7 November 1898.
With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Emmanuel Salem sent his family, including his wife Fortunè, their son Raphael, and their daughter to Paris. There Raphael graduate in law and he first worked as a bank manager. But he went on to take a degree in engineering and later received a PhD in Mathematics after his friends recognised his mathematical talents.
He married Adriana Gentili di Giuseppe in 1923, and they were the parents of three children. At the beginning of World War II, he joined the French army and was sent to England as part of Anglo-French co-operation. Sadly, his mother, his sister, her husband and one of their two sons were among the 6,000,000 Jews murdered in the Holocaust.
Raphael Salem migrated to the US in 1941, where he became a lecturer and then a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and was also a visiting professor at Harvard and Stanford. He returned to France when he was appointed a professor in Caen and in 1955 he moved to the Sorbonne.
As a mathematician, his work evolved mainly around the Fourier analysis, while he introduced the idea of random measurements in harmonic analysis. He gave his name to ‘the Salem Numbers.’
Raphael Salem was probably the greatest mathematician and scientist born in the Greek world since ancient times. The Salem Prize (Prix Salem) is a prestigious award to mathematicians whose work is in Complex and Harmonic Analysis, and he is remembered at the Raphael Salem Laboratory of Mathematics in the University of Rοuen. His son, Lionel Salem, is a prominent Chemistry Professor in Paris and at Harvard.
The Salem Mansion was damaged extensively by the earthquake that devastated Thessaloniki in 1978. It was abandoned by the Italian Consulate, which moved to the complex at the Italian Monopoli di Stato, which included the Italian Institute, built on the site of the demolished Villa Ida on Fleming Street, formerly Mizrachi Street.
Five years ago, the producers of the television series American Horror Story, starring Jessica Lange, chose the Salem Mansion for one of the posters for the series in 2013. Of course, there was no mention of either Thessaloniki or Greece, and the house was supposed to be somewhere in New Orleans.
The house still belongs to the Italian State and is deserted. Although this is a listed building and the grass is cut from time to time, all requests from the Greek State for its restoration have gone unanswered.
1 comment:
Very interesting digest.
Before Emmanuel Salem became the most important lawyer of the city, he worked at the then most important law firm in Salonica founded by Gioacchino Grassi, an opponent in Palerma, Sicily to the violent Italian unification by Garibaldi. Grassi was the consul of Holland in Salonica. His son Salvatore Grassi married the eldest daughter of the famous Belgian stamp collector and merchant, Jean-Baptiste Moens. Salvatore also became consul of Holland. The family ties of the Grassi with Belgium facilitated contacts of the law firm with potential investors in Salonica, such as the Belgian tramway, gas and water companies you mentioned.
You mention the Salonica Cigarette Company. Two sons of Salvatore, Gioachino and Carlo were closely associated with the Salonica Cigarette Company. Gioachino Grassi became the CFO of the company in Cavalla, Greece, and later became the general manager of the company's manufacturing plant in Alexandria, Egypt, whereas Carlo Grassi became the proverbial international marketer of the Salonica Cigarette Company products from his place in Cairo, Egypt. After WWII, the Salonica Cigarette Company was nationalized by Nasser.
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